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Physiology > E3: Ch 8 > Flashcards

E3: Ch 8 Flashcards

1
Q

sodium and potassium pumps are ___

A

identical

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2
Q

__ axons offer less resistance to current flow

A

large

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3
Q

__ myelinated axons conduct action potentials as rapidly as large un-myelinated axons

A

small

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4
Q

several axons make up one ___

A

nerve

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5
Q

different action potentials allow the brain to distinguish between__ differences

A

intensity

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6
Q

___ is the only feedback that sends less feedback with more intensity

A

vision

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7
Q

who has larger axons, squids or mammals?

A

squids

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8
Q

like wires, the larger the axon the __ resistance there is to sending a signal

A

less

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9
Q

axon size and resistance are an __ relationship

A

inverse

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10
Q

take a pipette and place in a large axon, using batteries, you can force a voltage change, then you can observe the opening and closes of ___

A

gates

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11
Q

nerve nodes are called ___ nodes

A

axonal

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12
Q

sodium pumps, ____, sodium pumps

A

graded

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13
Q

all action and graded potentials rely on body preciously regulating ___ concentration

A

ion

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14
Q

sodium and potassium concentrations are tightly regulated by ___

A

kidney

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15
Q

muscles create an __ potential in order to contract

A

action

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16
Q

sodium ___, sodium inactivation, potassium reset

A

activation

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17
Q

sodium activation, sodium ___, potassium reset

A

inactivation

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18
Q

sodium activation, sodium inactivation, ___ reset

A

potassium

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19
Q

issues with __ potential means nerves cannon send signals

A

action

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20
Q

gap junction between two neurons, the ion __ through

A

continues

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21
Q

peripheral nervous system does not have ___ junctions

A

gap

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22
Q

parasympathetic: nerve synaps: action potential comes in through terminal end, where there are voltage sensitive ___ channels

A

calcium

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23
Q

cells pump calcium out or into membrane bound __ vessels

A

storage

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24
Q

calcium levels in blood are normally very ___

A

low

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25
Q

___ role is a universal trigger for contractile proteins

A

calcium

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26
Q

calcium merges with cell membrane which bind to sodium/potassium channels. this creates a ___ potential.

A

graded

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27
Q

presynaptic and postsynaptic order

A

pre to post

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28
Q

if graded potential is a big change towards positive to reach a threshold, the signal __

A

continues

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29
Q

if graded potential is not strong enough and is below threshold, the signal ___ __ __

A

does not continue

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30
Q

___ graded potential take you up towards threshold

A

excritory

31
Q

__ graded potential takes you less than threshold

A

inhibitory

32
Q

synaptic vesicles are chemicals that are ___

A

neuraltransmitters

33
Q

__ only make and release one type of neurotransmitter for life

A

neurons

34
Q

acetylcholine: all ___ neurons release this

A

motor

35
Q

acetylcholine receptor is called a ___ receptor

A

cholinergic

36
Q

___: all motor neurons release this

A

acetylcholine

37
Q

nicotinic: made by tobacco plants, block our neural ___

A

receptors

38
Q

muscarinic: made by mushrooms, block our neural __

A

receptors

39
Q

___: made by tobacco plants, block our neural receptor

A

nicotinic

40
Q

__: similar to a molecule and triggers a cellular response, but is not the natural made molecule

A

agonist

41
Q

___: made by mushrooms, block our neural receptors

A

muscarinic

42
Q

Glutamate and GABA are excitatory and inhibitory because of the ___ they bind to

A

receptor

43
Q

in kidney’s, some cells use ___ as a neural transmittor

A

ATP

44
Q

1 action potential, calcium release, neural transmitter out in synaps binds to a receptor which triggers a response.

A
45
Q

if it stays on the receptor, the signal ___

A

continues

46
Q

how to make mechs in synaps, so a short signal gives a short response. 1. ___ away, 2. (AcH) has an enzyme to __ it up, 3. receptor ligand removal to ___

A

diffusion, break, endocytose

47
Q

name of the enzyme that breaks up ACh

A

ACh-ase

48
Q

the choline of the broken ACh is pulled back into the synap to make __ ACh

A

new

49
Q

there are ___ in the syaps to digest away and diffuse molecules after giving one signal

A

enzymes

50
Q

1 signal = short ____ response

A

postsynaptic

51
Q

___: receptors will pull in the entire complex and digest the vesicle

A

endocytose

52
Q

___ pathway: 1 presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neuron
__ pathway: many presynaptic neurons converge to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons.

A

divergent, convergent

53
Q

__ pathway is used to take input from several scenes and use them all together. ie: to describe an object

A

convergent

54
Q

divergent pathway: __ presynaptic neuron branches to affect a __ number of postsynaptic neuron

A

1, larger

55
Q

convergent pathway: __ presynaptic neurons converge to influence a __ number of postsynaptic neurons.

A

many, smaller

56
Q

what’s the pathway: you see someone with a gun, you get an adrenaline rush that affect your heart rate, physical feeling, and breathing rate

A

divergent

57
Q

output signals pass through the __

A

axon

58
Q
  1. input opens NA channel, then voltage goes up. you get a ___ graded potential.
  2. travels to axon ___, you get a signal
A

depolarizing, hillock

59
Q

motor system only has __ nueron in the pathway

A

1

60
Q

in motor system: 1 action potential always gives you 1 muscle __

A

contraction

61
Q

neuron to neuron: 1 action potential may not be enough to __ the signal

A

continue

62
Q

different graded potentials all do the same thing, they will be ___ to get a response

A

combined

63
Q

inhibitory neuron: all about what __ you bind to

A

receptor

64
Q

__ neuron will counteract NA+ gates trying to increase sodium to block the threshold being reached so a signal may not be sent

A

inhibitory

65
Q

neuronal ___: receptors that can release neuronal transmitters that can block neuronal reflex

A

integration

66
Q

neuronal integrations allow you to take multiple inputs and __ about them

A

think

67
Q

can there be direct inhibition on the synaps on the axon?

A

yes

68
Q

excitatory and __ signals cancel each other out

A

inhibitory

69
Q

post synapiticalls: influence on sensitivity on same signal via:
___ signals changing other receptors to stay open longer

A

internal

70
Q

__ is a somatic sense that allows you to have self awareness of your body movements

A

Proprioception

71
Q

blood glucose level monitoring and the internal body temperature are both examples of what somatic sense

A

Proprioception

72
Q

nerve receptors respond to an ___ stimulus

A

adequate

73
Q

nerve endings wrapped up in a bulb-like encased with connective tissue is called the ___ body

A

cell

74
Q

___ in touch can shut down neighbors next to them_

A

convergence

Physiology (21 decks)

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