E3: Ch 8

Question 1

sodium and potassium pumps are ___

Answer 1

identical

Question 2

__ axons offer less resistance to current flow

Answer 2

large

Question 3

__ myelinated axons conduct action potentials as rapidly as large un-myelinated axons

Answer 3

small

Question 4

several axons make up one ___

Answer 4

nerve

Question 5

different action potentials allow the brain to distinguish between__ differences

Answer 5

intensity

Question 6

___ is the only feedback that sends less feedback with more intensity

Answer 6

vision

Question 7

who has larger axons, squids or mammals?

Answer 7

squids

Question 8

like wires, the larger the axon the __ resistance there is to sending a signal

Answer 8

less

Question 9

axon size and resistance are an __ relationship

Answer 9

inverse

Question 10

take a pipette and place in a large axon, using batteries, you can force a voltage change, then you can observe the opening and closes of ___

Answer 10

gates

Question 11

nerve nodes are called ___ nodes

Answer 11

axonal

Question 12

sodium pumps, ____, sodium pumps

Answer 12

graded

Question 13

all action and graded potentials rely on body preciously regulating ___ concentration

Answer 13

ion

Question 14

sodium and potassium concentrations are tightly regulated by ___

Answer 14

kidney

Question 15

muscles create an __ potential in order to contract

Answer 15

action

Question 16

sodium ___, sodium inactivation, potassium reset

Answer 16

activation

Question 17

sodium activation, sodium ___, potassium reset

Answer 17

inactivation

Question 18

sodium activation, sodium inactivation, ___ reset

Answer 18

potassium

Question 19

issues with __ potential means nerves cannon send signals

Answer 19

action

Question 20

gap junction between two neurons, the ion __ through

Answer 20

continues

Question 21

peripheral nervous system does not have ___ junctions

Answer 21

gap

Question 22

parasympathetic: nerve synaps: action potential comes in through terminal end, where there are voltage sensitive ___ channels

Answer 22

calcium

Question 23

cells pump calcium out or into membrane bound __ vessels

Answer 23

storage

Question 24

calcium levels in blood are normally very ___

Answer 24

low

Question 25

___ role is a universal trigger for contractile proteins

Answer 25

calcium

Question 26

calcium merges with cell membrane which bind to sodium/potassium channels. this creates a ___ potential.

Answer 26

graded

Question 27

presynaptic and postsynaptic order

Answer 27

pre to post

Question 28

if graded potential is a big change towards positive to reach a threshold, the signal __

Answer 28

continues

Question 29

if graded potential is not strong enough and is below threshold, the signal ___ __ __

Answer 29

does not continue

Question 30

___ graded potential take you up towards threshold

Answer 30

excritory

Question 31

__ graded potential takes you less than threshold

Answer 31

inhibitory

Question 32

synaptic vesicles are chemicals that are ___

Answer 32

neuraltransmitters

Question 33

__ only make and release one type of neurotransmitter for life

Answer 33

neurons

Question 34

acetylcholine: all ___ neurons release this

Answer 34

motor

Question 35

acetylcholine receptor is called a ___ receptor

Answer 35

cholinergic

Question 36

___: all motor neurons release this

Answer 36

acetylcholine

Question 37

nicotinic: made by tobacco plants, block our neural ___

Answer 37

receptors

Question 38

muscarinic: made by mushrooms, block our neural __

Answer 38

receptors

Question 39

___: made by tobacco plants, block our neural receptor

Answer 39

nicotinic

Question 40

__: similar to a molecule and triggers a cellular response, but is not the natural made molecule

Answer 40

agonist

Question 41

___: made by mushrooms, block our neural receptors

Answer 41

muscarinic

Question 42

Glutamate and GABA are excitatory and inhibitory because of the ___ they bind to

Answer 42

receptor

Question 43

in kidney's, some cells use ___ as a neural transmittor

Answer 43

ATP

Question 44

1 action potential, calcium release, neural transmitter out in synaps binds to a receptor which triggers a response.

Question 45

if it stays on the receptor, the signal ___

Answer 45

continues

Question 46

how to make mechs in synaps, so a short signal gives a short response. 1. ___ away, 2. (AcH) has an enzyme to __ it up, 3. receptor ligand removal to ___

Answer 46

diffusion, break, endocytose

Question 47

name of the enzyme that breaks up ACh

Answer 47

ACh-ase

Question 48

the choline of the broken ACh is pulled back into the synap to make __ ACh

Answer 48

new

Question 49

there are ___ in the syaps to digest away and diffuse molecules after giving one signal

Answer 49

enzymes

Question 50

1 signal = short ____ response

Answer 50

postsynaptic

Question 51

___: receptors will pull in the entire complex and digest the vesicle

Answer 51

endocytose

Question 52

___ pathway: 1 presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neuron __ pathway: many presynaptic neurons converge to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons.

Answer 52

divergent, convergent

Question 53

__ pathway is used to take input from several scenes and use them all together. ie: to describe an object

Answer 53

convergent

Question 54

divergent pathway: __ presynaptic neuron branches to affect a __ number of postsynaptic neuron

Answer 54

1, larger

Question 55

convergent pathway: __ presynaptic neurons converge to influence a __ number of postsynaptic neurons.

Answer 55

many, smaller

Question 56

what's the pathway: you see someone with a gun, you get an adrenaline rush that affect your heart rate, physical feeling, and breathing rate

Answer 56

divergent

Question 57

output signals pass through the __

Answer 57

axon

Question 58

1. input opens NA channel, then voltage goes up. you get a ___ graded potential. 2. travels to axon ___, you get a signal

Answer 58

depolarizing, hillock

Question 59

motor system only has __ nueron in the pathway

Answer 59

1

Question 60

in motor system: 1 action potential always gives you 1 muscle __

Answer 60

contraction

Question 61

neuron to neuron: 1 action potential may not be enough to __ the signal

Answer 61

continue

Question 62

different graded potentials all do the same thing, they will be ___ to get a response

Answer 62

combined

Question 63

inhibitory neuron: all about what __ you bind to

Answer 63

receptor

Question 64

__ neuron will counteract NA+ gates trying to increase sodium to block the threshold being reached so a signal may not be sent

Answer 64

inhibitory

Question 65

neuronal ___: receptors that can release neuronal transmitters that can block neuronal reflex

Answer 65

integration

Question 66

neuronal integrations allow you to take multiple inputs and __ about them

Answer 66

think

Question 67

can there be direct inhibition on the synaps on the axon?

Answer 67

yes

Question 68

excitatory and __ signals cancel each other out

Answer 68

inhibitory

Question 69

post synapiticalls: influence on sensitivity on same signal via: ___ signals changing other receptors to stay open longer

Answer 69

internal

Question 70

__ is a somatic sense that allows you to have self awareness of your body movements

Answer 70

Proprioception

Question 71

blood glucose level monitoring and the internal body temperature are both examples of what somatic sense

Answer 71

Proprioception

Question 72

nerve receptors respond to an ___ stimulus

Answer 72

adequate

Question 73

nerve endings wrapped up in a bulb-like encased with connective tissue is called the ___ body

Answer 73

cell

Question 74

___ in touch can shut down neighbors next to them_

Answer 74

convergence