E2: Ch 6

Question 1

__ ___: form direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells

Answer 1

Gap junctions

Question 2

__-___ __: require interaction between membrane molecules on two cells

Answer 2

contact-dependent signals

Question 3

__ ___: act on the same cell that secreted them. ___ ___: are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells.

Answer 3

Autocrine signals, paracrine signals.

Question 4

__: secreted by endocrine glands/cells into the blood.

Answer 4

hormone

Question 5

___: chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell.

Answer 5

neurotransmitters

Question 6

____: chemical released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets

Answer 6

neurohormones

Question 7

__ molecule binds to __ protein that activates ___ signal molecules that alter __ proteins to create a ___

Answer 7

signal, receptor, intracellular, target, response

Question 8

__ signal molecules diffuse through cell membrane and bind to cytosolic/ nuclear receptors

Answer 8

lipoPHILIC

Question 9

__ signal molecules bind to receptors on surface of cell membrane

Answer 9

lipophobic

Question 10

signal __ converts one form of signal into a different form

Answer 10

transduction

Question 11

ligand binding to a ligand-gated channel ___/___ the channel

Answer 11

opens/closes

Question 12

ligand binding to a receptor-enzyme activates an ___ enzyme

Answer 12

intracellular

Question 13

ligand binding to a G-protein coupled receptor opens an __ channel or alters __ activity

Answer 13

ion, enzyme

Question 14

ligand binding to integral receptors alters the ___

Answer 14

cytoskeleton

Question 15

receptor-ligand complex activates an __ enzyme

Answer 15

amplifier

Question 16

integrin involvement in platelet activation works by causing a __ change

Answer 16

shape

Question 17

the primary ligand activates a ___

Answer 17

receptor

Question 18

an agonist will activate a __

Answer 18

receptor

Question 19

an antagonist will ___ receptor activity

Answer 19

block

Question 20

___ can bind to many different receptors that can cause different responses.

Answer 20

hormones

Question 21

__ control regulates physiological parameters in an up and down fashion

Answer 21

tonic

Question 22

___ neurons control heart rate. they can speed it up or slow down

Answer 22

antagonist

Question 23

order of feedback loop: __, sensor/receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, target/effector, response

Answer 23

stimulus

Question 24

order of feedback loop: stimulus, ___/___, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, target/effector, response

Answer 24

sensor/receptor

Question 25

order of feedback loop: stimulus, sensor/receptor, ___ pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, target/effector, response

Answer 25

afferent

Question 26

order of feedback loop: stimulus, sensor/receptor, afferent pathway, __ center, efferent pathway, target/effector, response

Answer 26

integrating

Question 27

order of feedback loop: stimulus, sensor/receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, ___ pathway, target/effector, response

Answer 27

efferent

Question 28

order of feedback loop: stimulus, sensor/receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, __/___, response

Answer 28

target/ effector

Question 29

order of feedback loop: stimulus, sensor/receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, target/effector, ___

Answer 29

receptor

Question 30

___ receptors are close to/ in the brain

Answer 30

central

Question 31

__ receptors are outside/away from brain

Answer 31

peripheral

Question 32

___ feedback: the response counteracts the stimulus, shutting the response loop off

Answer 32

negative

Question 33

__ feedback: the response reinforces the stimulus, sending the variable farther from the set point.

Answer 33

positive

Question 34

an __ factor is required to shut off the feedback look

Answer 34

outside

Question 35

an example of positive feedback is

Answer 35

child labor

Question 36

many channels are made of multiple protein ___ that assemble in the membrane

Answer 36

subunits

Question 37

___ never form an open channel between the two sides of the membrane

Answer 37

carriers

Question 38

sodium-potassium pumps are an ___ type of transport

Answer 38

antiport

Question 39

-ATPase can be transported in both of what types of transports

Answer 39

antiport and uniport

Question 40

potassium is only transported in what type of transport

Answer 40

antiport