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CDR Exam > Domain I, Topic C, Research Applications > Flashcards

Domain I, Topic C, Research Applications Flashcards

1
Q

The first step in research is to _______ a relevant and important topic and to review published research literature related to the topic

A

identify

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2
Q

The second step in research is to ________ a well considered research question (who, what, how). A clear simple statement in a few words in a complete grammatical statement

A

develop

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3
Q

The third step in research is to develop a _______ from a research question

A

Hypothesis

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4
Q

A _____ needs to be measurable, specify populations being studied, provide a time frame, the type of relationship being examined, define variables being studied, and state levels of significance

A

hypothesis

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5
Q

A _____ is a prediction of a relationship that is often expressed as more than, less than or not equal to.

A

Hypothesis

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6
Q

“Men with high intakes of vitamin A and C have lower rates of cancer than do men with low intakes of vitamins A and C” is an example of a _______

A

hypothesis

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7
Q

A null ______ expresses no relationship in the population of data (any difference is a result of sampling error)

A

hypothesis

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8
Q

“Men with high intakes of vitamins A and C have the same rates of cancer as do men with low intakes of vitamins A and C” is an example of a null ______

A

hypothesis

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9
Q

_______ should be feasible, interesting, novel, innovative, ethical, and relevant (FINER)

A

Hypotheses

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10
Q

A ______ should follow the PICO format: Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome

A

hypothesis

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11
Q

The fourth step in research is to prepare ______ protocol and methodology.

A

research

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12
Q

The fifth step in research is to organize _________ and materials

A

methods

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13
Q

The sixth step in research is to _____ and _______ data

A

collect, analyze

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14
Q

The seventh step is to _____ results and make _______

A

study, decisions

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15
Q

_____ analysis is a formal, defined system that combine the results of numerous small studies to increase the strength of belief in the observed effect.

A

Meta

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16
Q

Studies reviewed in a _____ analysis must be similar in design, have defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and are published peer reviewed studies

A

meta

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17
Q

______ has proposed quality standards for the review and monitoring of systematic reviews and meta analysis of randomized trials

A

QUOROM

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18
Q

______ is an evidence based minimum set of items for reporting in systematic review and meta analysis

A

PRISMA

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19
Q

______ focuses on the reporting of reviews evaluating randomized trials, but can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research, particularly evaluations of interventions

A

PRISMA

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20
Q

MOOSE stands for ____ - ________ of _____________ _______ in ____________

A

Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology

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21
Q

CONSORT are common criteria for ______ trials

A

clinical

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22
Q

A ______ report has 8 areas: Abstract, general introduction, review of existing literature, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, implications.

A

Research

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23
Q

An ________ is a condensation of final report, has purpose of study, questions asked, scope and method, and summary of conclusions

A

Abstract

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24
Q

A _______ ____________ includes objectives, definitions, background, limitations, order of presentation

A

General introduction

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25
Q

A ______ of ________ __________ is a summary of different points of view

A

Review of existing literature

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26
Q

A ___________ is a statement of hypothesis and discussion of methods used

A

methodology

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27
Q

_______ are specific lab _______, clinical _______, and objective or subjective findings

A

Results

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28
Q

The _________ section is an interpretation of results, comparison with other studies, and may be combined with results

A

discussion

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29
Q

The _________ section is a brief summary of results and may have recommendations

A

conclusion

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30
Q

The ___________ section reports how the information might be applied in practice

A

implications

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31
Q

__________ research describes the state of nature at a point in time, generates hypotheses regarding determinants of a condition or disease, provides baseline data and monitors changes over times, established associations among factors but does NOT allow causal relationships to be determined.

A

Descriptive

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32
Q

There are four types of ___________ research, qualitative, a case report (cases study or case series), surveys, and correlations studies (or ecological studies)

A

descriptive

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33
Q

___________ research often precedes other research. It explores a phenomenon of interest as a prelude to theory development, generates narrative data collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and may use focus groups

A

Qualitative

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34
Q

A ____ report, ____ study, or ____ series is a report of observations on one or more subject. It describes quantitatively the experiences of a group of cases with a disease or condition in common. It also helps identify variables important to the etiology, care, or outcomes of a particular condition

A

Case

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35
Q

_______ are research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population; defined time frame; and pinpoints problems

A

surveys

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36
Q

___________ studies or __________ studies compare frequency of events (or disease rates) in different populations with the per capita consumption of certain dietary factors (correlation between fish consumption and breast cancer incidence).

A

correlation, ecological

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37
Q

__________ research tests hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors fo interest and allows causal associations to be determined (can prove cause and effect), includes clinical trials, follow up studies, and case control studies

A

Analytical

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38
Q

There are five types of __________ research: Experimental Model, Quasi - experimental design, Cohort studies, Case control studies and Cross sectional studies

A

Analytical

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39
Q

The ____________ model of analytical research uses experimental and control groups.

A

experimental

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40
Q

________ populations are randomly chosen to be in either the experimental or control group

A

Research

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41
Q

____________ research groups receive programs or treatement

A

experimental

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42
Q

_______ research groups receive the treatment or may receive a placebo

A

control

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43
Q

A ________ program is successful if the experimental group has improved more than the control group.

A

research

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44
Q

A __________ ________ _____ (RCT) with comparison placebo control group is the gold standard of clinical nutrition studies.

A

Randomized Clinical Trial

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45
Q

In the ________ design of RCTs participants are randomly assigned to a particular treatment group and remain on that treatment throughout the study

A

parallel

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46
Q

In the _________ design study of RCTs each participant serves as his own control

A

crossover

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47
Q

In the ___ ______ _________ design of RCTs each would receive either intervention or control in the first period, and the alternate treatment in the second period

A

two period crossover

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48
Q

A major advantage in the _________ design is that variability is reduced because the measured effect of the intervention is the difference in that participant’s response TO the intervention and control. This decrease in variance allows use of a smaller sample size. _________ designs are generally longer, but each is exposed to all treatments.

A

Crossover

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49
Q

In the _____ - ____________ design of analytical research a series of measurements at periodic intervals before the program begins and after the program ends. It shows whether measurements before and after the program are a continuation of previous patterns or whether they indicate noteworthy change.

A

Quasi - experimental

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50
Q

In analytical research ______ studies are carried out over a long period of time (longitudinal) and prospective (future - oriented).

A

Cohort

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51
Q

_____________ cohort studies use existing data and look back for relationships between exposure factors and outcomes

A

Retrospective

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52
Q

A ______ is any group whose members have something in common

A

cohort

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53
Q

In analytical research, ____ control studies focus on specific disease. Those with the disease are compared with a group without the disease, but otherwise similar in characteristics. Both groups recall past behaviors to study how the groups differ

A

case

54
Q

In analytical research _____ - _________ studies use one time data collection counting all of the cases of a specific disease among a group of people at a particular time. They provide a snapshot look at one point in time and describe current, not past or future events

A

Cross sectional

55
Q

The _____________ ______ _____ (IRB) is a committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects to ensure it is conducted within all ethical and federal regulations.

A

Institutional Review Board

56
Q

The IRB may also be known as and ___________ ______ _________ (IEC), _______ ______ _____ (ERB) or ________ ______ _____ (RRB)

A

Independent Ethics Committee, Ethical Review Board, Research Review Board

57
Q

To be designated as an ______ of a manuscript in a biomedical journal, you must have made substantial contribution to the design or analysis and the interpretation of the data

A

author

58
Q

_________ or ________ is the ability to measure phenomenon it intends to measure

A

relevance or validity

59
Q

________ validity tests whether the difference between the two groups is real (has the experimental group really performed differently)

A

Internal

60
Q

________ validity tests whether or not a generalization can be made from the study to a larger population

A

External

61
Q

________ of ________ ANOVA is a tool used to evaluate validity. It asks whether the difference between samples is a reliable one that would be repeated. It is used when several product (three or more) compete against one another. It compares the variance between groups with the variance within groups. Asks if there are one or more significant differences ANYWHERE among the samples (tests whether the means of several groups are equal)

A

Analysis of Variance

62
Q

___________ is the consistency or reproducibility of test results

A

Reliability

63
Q

________ forms are two separate form of the same test at the same time. Reliability is determined by degree of similarity of results

A

Parallel

64
Q

_____ ______ divide the test in half. Reliability is determined by degree of similarity of results

A

Split halves

65
Q

_________ is the amount of variation that occurs randomly. Less random variation results in greater _________ in the measurement and greater reliability

A

Precision

66
Q

___________ and ___________ are used if protocol involves screening for a particular condition and evaluates the cut off value being used

A

Sensitivity, specificity

67
Q

___________ is the proportion of afflicted individuals who test positive

A

Sensitivity

68
Q

__________ is the proportion of non afflicted identified as non afflicted

A

Specificity

69
Q

_________ are characteristics that may have different values from observation to observation

A

Variables

70
Q

_______ (non-ordered) variables that fir into a category with no special order (gender, race, marital status, present or absent)

A

nominal

71
Q

____ ______ (ordinal scale) variables are observations compared with each other and put in order, perhaps from best to worst, or state of disease from 1 to 4.

A

Rank order

72
Q

_________ ________ variables are data with numbers (number of clinic visits)

A

Numerical discrete

73
Q

_________ __________ variables are underlying continuous scales (blood pressure)

A

Numerical continuous

74
Q

_________ variables are outcomes; independent variables are what manipulate in your study

A

Dependent

75
Q

___________ variables are things such as treatments for diseases. Example: Effect cholesterol levels (independent) have on heart attacks (dependent)

A

Independent

76
Q

___________ sampling is when each segment of a population is represented in the sample. Units are selected from a much larger population.

A

Probability

77
Q

_____________ is when a sample is selected from the whole population so the characteristics of each of the units approximates the characteristics of the whole population

A

Randomization

78
Q

In non - ___________ sampling there is no way of forcasting that each element in the population will be represented in the sample.

A

probability

79
Q

A ___________ or accidental sample takes units as they arrive on the scene with no attempt to control bias

A

convenience

80
Q

A _____ is a select number of units in the same ratio as they are found in the general population

A

quota

81
Q

A measure of _______ tendency is a central or typical value for a probability distribution (Mean, median, mode)

A

central

82
Q

The ____ is the simple average of a set of data; total values of all observation are divided by number of observations

A

mean

83
Q

The ______ is the midpoint of a set of data. All data values are arranged in order from high to low and the ______ is the exact center of the data. If there are an even number of data values the ______ is the average between the two center values.

A

Median

84
Q

The ____ is the most frequently occurring value in a data set

A

Mode

85
Q

Measures of __________ are how values are distributed about the mean. Ex: Range, standard deviation

A

dispersion

86
Q

The _____ is the difference between the lowest and highest values in the distribution. The lower value is subtracted from the higher value; based only on extreme values. Ex 32 - 12 = _____ of 20`

A

Range

87
Q

The ________ _________ indicates the degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution.

A

Standard deviation

88
Q

The ________ _________ is the square root of the sum of the squared deviations of each value from the mean, divided by the number of deviations

A

Standard deviation

89
Q

A ______ distribution has single peak that falls away evenly from either side.

A

normal

90
Q

The distance between the ____ and the peak on either side of a ______ distribution is equal to the ________ _________

A

Mean, normal, Standard Deviation

91
Q

About 2/3 of all observations in a normal distribution lie within 1 ________ _________ of the mean.

A

Standard Deviation

92
Q

____________ are relationships between varying types of data

A

correlations

93
Q

The ______ the points are in a line, the stronger the degree of linear relationship

A

closer

94
Q

(r) is known as the linear ___________ ___________

A

correlation coefficient

95
Q

___ measures the degree to which points in a scatter diagram cluster about a straight line

A

(r)

96
Q

The value of ___ is always between -1 and 1

A

(r)

97
Q

When (r) = _ there is a perfect positive correlation between variables

A

1

98
Q

When (r) = _ there is a perfect negative correlation between variables

A

-1

99
Q

If (r) = _, there is no linear relationship between variables

A

0

100
Q

Strength of correlation: 0.0 - 0.2 = ____ ____

A

very weak

101
Q

Strength of correlation: 0.2 - 0.4 = ____

A

weak

102
Q

Strength of correlation: 0.4 - 0.7 = ________

A

moderate

103
Q

Strength of correlation: 0.7 - 0.9 = ______

A

strong

104
Q

Strength of correlation: 0.9 - 1.0 = ____ ______

A

very strong

105
Q

Clinical _____________ is a change or difference in outcomes that somebody care about. The outcome must be relevant for patient care, public health, or the field of study. The change must be statistically significant, not due to chance.

A

significance

106
Q

_ values indicate levels of significance

A

p

107
Q

The _____ the p value, the more significant the results.

A

lower

108
Q

A p value greater than 0.05 is ___ significant

A

not

109
Q

A p value less than or equal to 0.05 is ___________

A

significant

110
Q

A p value less than 0.01 is ____ significant

A

very

111
Q

A p value less than 0.0001 is _________ significant

A

extremely

112
Q

P values show how ______ the support for a hypothesis is

A

strong

113
Q

Most researchers will not accept results as statistically significant unless the p value is less than ____

A

0.05

114
Q

A ______ _____ study removes bias from research; neither the researcher nor the subject knows which group is receiving the treatment

A

double blind

115
Q

_________ is the rate of death

A

mortality

116
Q

_________ is the rate of disease

A

morbidity

117
Q

A ________ of interest is what the researchers are observinf

A

variable

118
Q

a __________ of interest is the group the researchers are observing

A

population

119
Q

___________ statistics summarize and describe aspects of a set of data

A

describtive

120
Q

___________ statistics allow conclusion to extend beyond an immediate data set; what is the probability that the results could be applied to a larger group; what can you infer from the results of your study

A

inferential

121
Q

A ___-__________ test does not depend on a normal distribution

A

non parametric

122
Q

__________ scores occur when only two events are possible (heads or tails)

A

dichotomous

123
Q

__________ scores are measured on a continuous scale

A

continuous

124
Q

A _____ study is a scaled down version of the larger investigation; practice implementation, determine whether clinical trial, as planned, is feasible, are goals realistic and attainable?

A

pilot

125
Q

A _____ group is a method of attaining information about a target group; a small group who talk about beliefs, opinions, problems

A

focus

126
Q

A ___ square tests whether or not there is a real difference between categories; used with attributes that have more than two categories; compares expected frequency with actual frequency

A

Chi

127
Q

A _ test tests significance between the means of two different populations; tests a null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis; if this probability value is equal to or less than the value set for significance, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis

A

T

128
Q

A ________ is a block diagram whose blocks are proportional in area to the frequency in each class or group (frequency distribution of data)

A

histogram

129
Q

___________ research asks why and how, subjective

A

qualitative

130
Q

________ research asks how many, how often

A

quantitative

131
Q

________ based guidelines are developed by conducting a systematic review and then using the conclusion of the review to develop practice based guidelines

A

evidence

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