Domain I, Topic C, Research Applications Flashcards
The first step in research is to _______ a relevant and important topic and to review published research literature related to the topic
identify
The second step in research is to ________ a well considered research question (who, what, how). A clear simple statement in a few words in a complete grammatical statement
develop
The third step in research is to develop a _______ from a research question
Hypothesis
A _____ needs to be measurable, specify populations being studied, provide a time frame, the type of relationship being examined, define variables being studied, and state levels of significance
hypothesis
A _____ is a prediction of a relationship that is often expressed as more than, less than or not equal to.
Hypothesis
“Men with high intakes of vitamin A and C have lower rates of cancer than do men with low intakes of vitamins A and C” is an example of a _______
hypothesis
A null ______ expresses no relationship in the population of data (any difference is a result of sampling error)
hypothesis
“Men with high intakes of vitamins A and C have the same rates of cancer as do men with low intakes of vitamins A and C” is an example of a null ______
hypothesis
_______ should be feasible, interesting, novel, innovative, ethical, and relevant (FINER)
Hypotheses
A ______ should follow the PICO format: Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome
hypothesis
The fourth step in research is to prepare ______ protocol and methodology.
research
The fifth step in research is to organize _________ and materials
methods
The sixth step in research is to _____ and _______ data
collect, analyze
The seventh step is to _____ results and make _______
study, decisions
_____ analysis is a formal, defined system that combine the results of numerous small studies to increase the strength of belief in the observed effect.
Meta
Studies reviewed in a _____ analysis must be similar in design, have defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and are published peer reviewed studies
meta
______ has proposed quality standards for the review and monitoring of systematic reviews and meta analysis of randomized trials
QUOROM
______ is an evidence based minimum set of items for reporting in systematic review and meta analysis
PRISMA
______ focuses on the reporting of reviews evaluating randomized trials, but can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research, particularly evaluations of interventions
PRISMA
MOOSE stands for ____ - ________ of _____________ _______ in ____________
Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology
CONSORT are common criteria for ______ trials
clinical
A ______ report has 8 areas: Abstract, general introduction, review of existing literature, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, implications.
Research
An ________ is a condensation of final report, has purpose of study, questions asked, scope and method, and summary of conclusions
Abstract
A _______ ____________ includes objectives, definitions, background, limitations, order of presentation
General introduction
A ______ of ________ __________ is a summary of different points of view
Review of existing literature
A ___________ is a statement of hypothesis and discussion of methods used
methodology
_______ are specific lab _______, clinical _______, and objective or subjective findings
Results
The _________ section is an interpretation of results, comparison with other studies, and may be combined with results
discussion
The _________ section is a brief summary of results and may have recommendations
conclusion
The ___________ section reports how the information might be applied in practice
implications
__________ research describes the state of nature at a point in time, generates hypotheses regarding determinants of a condition or disease, provides baseline data and monitors changes over times, established associations among factors but does NOT allow causal relationships to be determined.
Descriptive
There are four types of ___________ research, qualitative, a case report (cases study or case series), surveys, and correlations studies (or ecological studies)
descriptive
___________ research often precedes other research. It explores a phenomenon of interest as a prelude to theory development, generates narrative data collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and may use focus groups
Qualitative
A ____ report, ____ study, or ____ series is a report of observations on one or more subject. It describes quantitatively the experiences of a group of cases with a disease or condition in common. It also helps identify variables important to the etiology, care, or outcomes of a particular condition
Case
_______ are research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population; defined time frame; and pinpoints problems
surveys
___________ studies or __________ studies compare frequency of events (or disease rates) in different populations with the per capita consumption of certain dietary factors (correlation between fish consumption and breast cancer incidence).
correlation, ecological
__________ research tests hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors fo interest and allows causal associations to be determined (can prove cause and effect), includes clinical trials, follow up studies, and case control studies
Analytical
There are five types of __________ research: Experimental Model, Quasi - experimental design, Cohort studies, Case control studies and Cross sectional studies
Analytical
The ____________ model of analytical research uses experimental and control groups.
experimental
________ populations are randomly chosen to be in either the experimental or control group
Research
____________ research groups receive programs or treatement
experimental
_______ research groups receive the treatment or may receive a placebo
control
A ________ program is successful if the experimental group has improved more than the control group.
research
A __________ ________ _____ (RCT) with comparison placebo control group is the gold standard of clinical nutrition studies.
Randomized Clinical Trial
In the ________ design of RCTs participants are randomly assigned to a particular treatment group and remain on that treatment throughout the study
parallel
In the _________ design study of RCTs each participant serves as his own control
crossover
In the ___ ______ _________ design of RCTs each would receive either intervention or control in the first period, and the alternate treatment in the second period
two period crossover
A major advantage in the _________ design is that variability is reduced because the measured effect of the intervention is the difference in that participant’s response TO the intervention and control. This decrease in variance allows use of a smaller sample size. _________ designs are generally longer, but each is exposed to all treatments.
Crossover
In the _____ - ____________ design of analytical research a series of measurements at periodic intervals before the program begins and after the program ends. It shows whether measurements before and after the program are a continuation of previous patterns or whether they indicate noteworthy change.
Quasi - experimental
In analytical research ______ studies are carried out over a long period of time (longitudinal) and prospective (future - oriented).
Cohort
_____________ cohort studies use existing data and look back for relationships between exposure factors and outcomes
Retrospective
A ______ is any group whose members have something in common
cohort
In analytical research, ____ control studies focus on specific disease. Those with the disease are compared with a group without the disease, but otherwise similar in characteristics. Both groups recall past behaviors to study how the groups differ
case
In analytical research _____ - _________ studies use one time data collection counting all of the cases of a specific disease among a group of people at a particular time. They provide a snapshot look at one point in time and describe current, not past or future events
Cross sectional
The _____________ ______ _____ (IRB) is a committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects to ensure it is conducted within all ethical and federal regulations.
Institutional Review Board
The IRB may also be known as and ___________ ______ _________ (IEC), _______ ______ _____ (ERB) or ________ ______ _____ (RRB)
Independent Ethics Committee, Ethical Review Board, Research Review Board
To be designated as an ______ of a manuscript in a biomedical journal, you must have made substantial contribution to the design or analysis and the interpretation of the data
author
_________ or ________ is the ability to measure phenomenon it intends to measure
relevance or validity
________ validity tests whether the difference between the two groups is real (has the experimental group really performed differently)
Internal
________ validity tests whether or not a generalization can be made from the study to a larger population
External
________ of ________ ANOVA is a tool used to evaluate validity. It asks whether the difference between samples is a reliable one that would be repeated. It is used when several product (three or more) compete against one another. It compares the variance between groups with the variance within groups. Asks if there are one or more significant differences ANYWHERE among the samples (tests whether the means of several groups are equal)
Analysis of Variance
___________ is the consistency or reproducibility of test results
Reliability
________ forms are two separate form of the same test at the same time. Reliability is determined by degree of similarity of results
Parallel
_____ ______ divide the test in half. Reliability is determined by degree of similarity of results
Split halves
_________ is the amount of variation that occurs randomly. Less random variation results in greater _________ in the measurement and greater reliability
Precision
___________ and ___________ are used if protocol involves screening for a particular condition and evaluates the cut off value being used
Sensitivity, specificity
___________ is the proportion of afflicted individuals who test positive
Sensitivity
__________ is the proportion of non afflicted identified as non afflicted
Specificity
_________ are characteristics that may have different values from observation to observation
Variables
_______ (non-ordered) variables that fir into a category with no special order (gender, race, marital status, present or absent)
nominal
____ ______ (ordinal scale) variables are observations compared with each other and put in order, perhaps from best to worst, or state of disease from 1 to 4.
Rank order
_________ ________ variables are data with numbers (number of clinic visits)
Numerical discrete
_________ __________ variables are underlying continuous scales (blood pressure)
Numerical continuous
_________ variables are outcomes; independent variables are what manipulate in your study
Dependent
___________ variables are things such as treatments for diseases. Example: Effect cholesterol levels (independent) have on heart attacks (dependent)
Independent
___________ sampling is when each segment of a population is represented in the sample. Units are selected from a much larger population.
Probability
_____________ is when a sample is selected from the whole population so the characteristics of each of the units approximates the characteristics of the whole population
Randomization
In non - ___________ sampling there is no way of forcasting that each element in the population will be represented in the sample.
probability
A ___________ or accidental sample takes units as they arrive on the scene with no attempt to control bias
convenience
A _____ is a select number of units in the same ratio as they are found in the general population
quota
A measure of _______ tendency is a central or typical value for a probability distribution (Mean, median, mode)
central
The ____ is the simple average of a set of data; total values of all observation are divided by number of observations
mean
The ______ is the midpoint of a set of data. All data values are arranged in order from high to low and the ______ is the exact center of the data. If there are an even number of data values the ______ is the average between the two center values.
Median
The ____ is the most frequently occurring value in a data set
Mode
Measures of __________ are how values are distributed about the mean. Ex: Range, standard deviation
dispersion
The _____ is the difference between the lowest and highest values in the distribution. The lower value is subtracted from the higher value; based only on extreme values. Ex 32 - 12 = _____ of 20`
Range
The ________ _________ indicates the degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution.
Standard deviation
The ________ _________ is the square root of the sum of the squared deviations of each value from the mean, divided by the number of deviations
Standard deviation
A ______ distribution has single peak that falls away evenly from either side.
normal
The distance between the ____ and the peak on either side of a ______ distribution is equal to the ________ _________
Mean, normal, Standard Deviation
About 2/3 of all observations in a normal distribution lie within 1 ________ _________ of the mean.
Standard Deviation
____________ are relationships between varying types of data
correlations
The ______ the points are in a line, the stronger the degree of linear relationship
closer
(r) is known as the linear ___________ ___________
correlation coefficient
___ measures the degree to which points in a scatter diagram cluster about a straight line
(r)
The value of ___ is always between -1 and 1
(r)
When (r) = _ there is a perfect positive correlation between variables
1
When (r) = _ there is a perfect negative correlation between variables
-1
If (r) = _, there is no linear relationship between variables
0
Strength of correlation: 0.0 - 0.2 = ____ ____
very weak
Strength of correlation: 0.2 - 0.4 = ____
weak
Strength of correlation: 0.4 - 0.7 = ________
moderate
Strength of correlation: 0.7 - 0.9 = ______
strong
Strength of correlation: 0.9 - 1.0 = ____ ______
very strong
Clinical _____________ is a change or difference in outcomes that somebody care about. The outcome must be relevant for patient care, public health, or the field of study. The change must be statistically significant, not due to chance.
significance
_ values indicate levels of significance
p
The _____ the p value, the more significant the results.
lower
A p value greater than 0.05 is ___ significant
not
A p value less than or equal to 0.05 is ___________
significant
A p value less than 0.01 is ____ significant
very
A p value less than 0.0001 is _________ significant
extremely
P values show how ______ the support for a hypothesis is
strong
Most researchers will not accept results as statistically significant unless the p value is less than ____
0.05
A ______ _____ study removes bias from research; neither the researcher nor the subject knows which group is receiving the treatment
double blind
_________ is the rate of death
mortality
_________ is the rate of disease
morbidity
A ________ of interest is what the researchers are observinf
variable
a __________ of interest is the group the researchers are observing
population
___________ statistics summarize and describe aspects of a set of data
describtive
___________ statistics allow conclusion to extend beyond an immediate data set; what is the probability that the results could be applied to a larger group; what can you infer from the results of your study
inferential
A ___-__________ test does not depend on a normal distribution
non parametric
__________ scores occur when only two events are possible (heads or tails)
dichotomous
__________ scores are measured on a continuous scale
continuous
A _____ study is a scaled down version of the larger investigation; practice implementation, determine whether clinical trial, as planned, is feasible, are goals realistic and attainable?
pilot
A _____ group is a method of attaining information about a target group; a small group who talk about beliefs, opinions, problems
focus
A ___ square tests whether or not there is a real difference between categories; used with attributes that have more than two categories; compares expected frequency with actual frequency
Chi
A _ test tests significance between the means of two different populations; tests a null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis; if this probability value is equal to or less than the value set for significance, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis
T
A ________ is a block diagram whose blocks are proportional in area to the frequency in each class or group (frequency distribution of data)
histogram
___________ research asks why and how, subjective
qualitative
________ research asks how many, how often
quantitative
________ based guidelines are developed by conducting a systematic review and then using the conclusion of the review to develop practice based guidelines
evidence
