Domain I, Topic B, Education and Communication Flashcards
Components of an educational plan include ____ ____ and ____, a ____ _____, to develop ____ and ____, to develop a _____, and then to promote the _____.
Targeted setting and clientele, needs assessment, develop goals and objectives, develop a budget, promote the program
_______ awareness involves evaluating one’s own beliefs and attitudes and becoming comfortable with the differences found in those of clients
multicultural
______ communication can result in incorrect diagnoses and noncompliance with treatment
ineffective
______ differences until similarities are proven
assume
Emphasize _____ rather than interpretation or evaluation.
description
_____ communication styles differ based on cultural background
cultural
Rate, pitch, and volume of one’s voice can be interpreted differently based on a client’s _____.
culture
____ contact may be considered confrontational in some cultures
Eye
_____ posture is a sign of respect.
good
Spatial _______ vary among cultures
relationships
The _____ zone is considered less than 18”. Among very close friends and business handshakes.
intimate
The _____ zone is considered 18” - 4’. When giving instructions or working closely.
Personal
The _____ zone is considered 4 - 12 ‘ most business interactions
social
The ____ zone is considered greater than 12’ and is used for very formal introductions
public
Common terms should be used when speaking to clients with ______ English skills. Avoid slang, shorthand, acronyms. etc.
limited
One should always speak ____ to the client, instead of an interpreter or family member.
directly
______ is the art and science of teaching children
pedagogy
_____ involves adults and mutual partners learning. Focus is more problem centered than subject centered. Motivation is internal rather than external, self directed.
Andragogy
____ and ____ income adults are considered to be goal oriented and consider activities they can’t relate to as a waste of time
middle and upper
_____ income adults interests focus on costs and traditional food habits, oriented towards solving current problems
lower
____ poor clients are focused on short term goals
very
________ relate to their interests and consider peer pressure and attitudes towards authority
adolescents
The ______ have a decreased attention span and require audience participation to maintain their interest. Questions should be controlled to stay on topic. Prefer written material.
elderly
_____ goals must be set within the process of learning
educational
_____ must be based on previous learning and the characteristics of the group of students
goals
_______ in patient centered counseling include increased awareness of diet related risks, providing nutrition knowledge, enhancing skills to promote long term changes in intake and increasing confidence for making dietary changes
Objectives
Objectives should be SMART: S_____ M______ A______ R_____ T_____
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time Bound
_______ is a fit between the program and the expected outcomes based on the objectives
Consonance
A _______ plan should: describe all aspects of instruction, include a plan for reassessment, include objectives, content, a sequence, activities, and an allotted amount of time, and provide references and a method of evaluation
lesson
_______ media include things like posters, slides, movies, computers, and programmed instruction materials. They are used to learn purely cognitive material and leave the instructor more time to develop effective psychomotor learning
instructional
______ is closely linked to planning, all expenses must be accounted for
budgeting
When developing a ______ one should consider project funding, expenditures to date, current estimated costs to complete the project, and anticipated profit or loss
budget
_______ budget reviews help control project costs
periodic
Any _____ should inform and educate consumers about the existence of a product or service
promotion
_____ tools include: advertising, sales promotion, personal promotion, and public reations
promotion
_______ includes purchased print or electronic media. A targeted message to a carefully defined audience
Advertising
_____ promotion is a short term incentive to encourage purchases
sales
_____ promotion is a formal or informal presentation, a health fair, a cooking demonstration, or a media interview.
Personal
_____ relations include organized efforts to promote a favorable image through the news or media
public
There are three domains of learning ___, ___, and ___
cognitive, effective, psychomotor
The _____ domain of learning includes the acquisition of knowledge or subject matter
cognitive
The ______ domain of learning include the acquisition of attitudes and values
affective
The __________ domain of learning includes the acquisition of muscular skills
psychomotor
Objectives for the hierarchy of learning are called _____ taxonomy
Bloom’s
______ taxonomy states that objectives at the lower level must be mastered before more complex learning can take place
Bloom’s
The _____ procedure is used to plan theory based nutrition education.
DESIGN
The DESIGN procedure acronym stands for D_____ behavior change goals, E_____ determinants of change, S______ the theory you will use, I_____ general objectives, G______ plans, and N______ evaluation plan.
Decide, Explore, Select, Indicate, Generate, NDevelop??????????????
______ modification techniques are based on a cause and effect explanation
behavior
_______ modification therapy can focus on the cues, the behavior itself, o the consequences of the behavior
behavior
An _______ is an event or environment that triggers a specific behavior or response like watching a TV commercial advertising French Fries
antecedent
Common behavior modification methods include ____ reinforcement, ______ learning, and ______
Positive, avoidance, extinction
______ reinforcement encourages repetition of a given behavior; it should be specific and immediate with meaningful attention from superiors
positive
_______ learning means learning to escape from unpleasant consequences; avoid future criticism by improving future performance
Avoidance
_______ is meant to reduce the undesired behavior; absence of reinforcement following undesired behavior; if _______ is repeated, behavior will eventually disappear
Extinction
The ________ stages of change model suggests that behavior involves series of stages
Transtheoretical
In ___ - ________ the client is unaware or not interested n making a change. “I did not know salt had an effect on y blood pressure”
pre - contemplation
In the ______ stage the client is thinking about making a change. “I was looking at the salt content in the foods I have at home.”
contemplation
In the ______ stage, the client decides to change and plans the change. “I bought a cookbook on low salt cooking.”
Preparation
In the _____ stage the client tries to make a change. “I removed the salt shaker from the kitchen table”
action
In the maintenance stage the client sustains the change for six months or longer. “I found a website that helps me plan low sodium family meals.”
Maintenance
Intervention is more effective if it is _______ to a client’s stage of change.
tailored
The ____ belief model developed to explain why people, especially high risk people, fail to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease
Health
A person must perceive the _____ and their _____ to the threat for the threat to be a behavior motivating factor
severity, susceptibility
The components of the Health Belief Model include perceived ______, perceived _____, perceived ______ of change, appraisal of _______, and self - ______.
susceptibility, impact, advantage, barriers, efficacy
Perceived ______ : Obesity puts me at risk for heart disease?
susceptibility
Perceived ______: Heart disease will impede my ability to work
impact
Perceived _______ of change: Greater mobility
advantage
Appraisal of _______: I don’t like to exercise.
Barriers
Self - _____: I can join the gym close to work
Efficacy
______ of Innovation: How an innovation, an idea, or a behavior spreads
Diffusion
People fall into five categories: _____, _____ _____, _____ _____, _____ _____, and _____
Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards
_______ adopt an idea readily and usually without input from others
Innovators
____ ______ are opinion leaders in the community and are well respected
Early adopters
____ ______ are cautious in adopting new ideas
Early Majority
____ ________ are skeptical and adopt an idea only through peer pressure
Late Majority
_______ are the last group of people to adopt an idea
Laggards
The _____ of the Diffusion of Innovation include knowledge, persuasion, decision, and confirmation
components
Motivation eases transition to new _____
behaviors
Active involvement of the learner promotes the greatest ______.
retention
Establish _____ with clients to assuage fears and concerns about impending changes
rapport
How to instruct: _____, _____, ___, _____ - __
prepare, present, try, follow - up
Discuss problems _______ rather than evaluatively, as this helps prevent the client feeling judged
descriptively
Offer alternatives ______ rather than dogmatically, this is less commanding and less threatening
provisionally
Be _____ rather than neutral, put yourself in the client’s shoes.
empathetic
A message should meet the 5 C’s, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____
Clear, complete, correct, concrete, concise
Clarification: pose a _____ after an ambiguous client response
question
Active or reflective _____: paraphrase or repeat back what was just said
listening
A ________ statement acknowledges that there was a reason for a behavior, indicating that the response from the client was legitimate
legitimation
____ of instruction is based on the size of the group and motivational aspects of the group’s members
Method
The ______ method of teaching helps learners master higher level cognitive objectives
discussion
A ____ group discussion provides some lecture and some interaction, beneficial in a clinical setting, the teacher needs to remain in control, 3 - 5 people with similar needs
small
A ____ group lecture has a one way flow of information; presents a large amount of material in a short amount of time
large
In a ____ process or ____ dynamic the leader must relieve social concerns of the group, tolerate silence and allow group participants to interact, guide and encourage interactions, know how and when to resume control, reinforce a multi-sided nature of the conversation, control talkative participants and encourage silent ones, halt side conversations, help group stay on topic.
group, group
Interviewing requires _____ listening and verbal communication skills
strong
Interviewing steps include _____, building _____, and collecting _____
preparation, rapport, data
When interviewing always ask ____-______ questions
open - ended
_____ - _____ questions are broad and give lots of freedom in response
open - ended
_____ questions are more restrictive, limit answers, and give you control
closed
_____ questions introduce new topics
primary
_____ questions obtain more info on primary questions
secondary (follow up)
_____ questions do not reveal your bias
neutral
_____ questions reveal your bias
leading
The _____ sequence of interviewing begins with broad questions and proceeds to more restrictive ones
funnel
Questions that begin with “___ __ _____” elicit better responses that “Do you…?”
Tell me about
“___ or __” questions are often less productive than open ended questions
Yes or no
“___?” questions indicate disapproval
why
When _____ an interview always summarize for the client to check for accuracy and to gauge how the client feels about what you discussed.
closing
___ - ______ communication has three categories: Kinesics, Paralinguistic, and Proxemics
non - verbal
_____ includes physical communication like eye contact, folded arms, or clenched fists
Kinesics
_______________ includes how the client’s message is delivered, such as hesitation, stuttering, or whispering
Paralinguistics
_________ is personal space behavior; if the client moves away or sits behind or next to an object
Proxemics
The counselor’s _________ to the client can be evaluative, hostile, reassuring, probing, or understanding
responses
_________ responses make judgement about a person’s feeling or implies how they should feel
Evaluative
_______ responses are things like uncontrolled anger or frustration
Hostile
__________ responses may make it difficult to solve or explore the client’s problem by suggesting the problem does not exist
Reassuring
_______ responses attempt to clarify or gain more information as the client recalls details.
Probing
_____________ responses are one of the best ways to respond, as they try to recreate the client’s message in your own frame of reference.
Understanding
_________ __________ _______ or CBT theorizes that cognitions are thoughts or perceptions at a particular moment in time. They can influence our behavior or feelings. Cognitive change may effect a desired behavior change
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
____ - talk or ______ dialogue are things like “I have no will power, I look fat.” These are negative thoughts that inhibit behavior change,
self, internal
Client ______ talk occurs when the client verbalizes their reasons that favor the targeted behavior change
change
CBT is based on the assumption that behavior is _______ and can be un - _______ as the client learns new adaptive responses
learned, un - learned
CBT focuses on identifying behaviors and thoughts that have a _______ impact on desired behaviors and goals and applies strategies to change those.
negative
The aim of CBT is to introduce changes in the cognitive or thought process that maintain a ________ that needs to be changed
behavior
MI or ____________ ___________ helps the client recognize and begin to resolve their concerns and problems. It is client centered and the goal is to increase motivation so that clients are able to express the rationale for the changes that need to be made
Motivational Interviewing
There are five principles to ____________ ___________: Expressing empathy, Develop discrepancy, Avoid arguments and confrontation, Roll with resistance, and Support self - efficacy
Motivational Interviewing
The MI principle _______ _______ is to show compassion and evoke the clients feelings
Express empathy
The MI principle _______ ___________ is to indicate the difference between where the client is and where they want to be
Develop discrepancy
The MI principle _____ _________ is to limit or prevent confrontation
Avoid arguments
The MI principle ____ ____ __________ is to acknowledge a clients reluctance to change and offer new information or alternatives.
Roll with resistance
The MI principle _______ ____ - ________ is to reinforce hope or optimism
support self - efficacy
Client ________ means that decision are left to the client
autonomy
_______ communication is more formal and authoritative, can be interpreted more accurately. Reading level should be kept to the 8th grade level for the general population and the 6th grade level for audiences of lower literacy
written
The ____ Index is a procedure for determining readability and provides the grade level of reading material by counting the number of polysyllabic words
SMOG
____ communication is more personal and encourages two way communication. Most critical barrier is poor listening skills
oral
Communication through _____ activities extends the reach of the message to those who may be out of reach due to financial reasons. 2 - 4 key messages should serve as the focus. Relationships should be established with a few key reporters.
Media
There are two types of educational outcome evaluations, _________ and _________.
Formative and summative
________ evaluations are made early or during the course of education. They help pinpoint parts mastered or not mastered, allow for revision of methods to improve the process, answers “How should we do it?”, must involve the client, provides frequent feedback of results, and often involves qualitative data
formative
_________ evaluations are designed at the planning stage but are conducted at the end; considered final; purpose may e grading or evaluation of progress; did we achieve what we planned? what was the impact?; example: post test; uses quantitative data
summative
An ________ test is a formal evaluation not well suited for a clinic or community setting
objective
A ___________ test is a formal evaluation where the client is asked to complete the task based on learning objectives
performance
An ________ evaluation could be an unstructured observation of food selection and behaviors
informal
_____________ of employee education and training is essential
documentation
An __________ checklist should be used when training new employees; note the date and content of the training
orientation
___________ ___________ is the intersection between nutrition, information, and technology.
Nutritional informatics
__________ _________ includes things like electronic health records (EHR) and personal health records (PHR)
Nutritional Informatics
HIPAA stands for the ______ ___________ __________ _____________ ___.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
PHI stand for _________ ______ ___________.
Protected Health Information
_____ ensures a patient’s right to their own health information, privacy, and confidentiality. Patients must be notified if their medical information is to be shared outside of the care process, or if protected information (address, email, income) is to be shared.
HIPAA
The _______ ________ _______ ____ or PCMH focuses on the relationship between the patient and their personal physician. The physician takes responsibility for all aspects of health care for the patient and coordinates and communicates with other providers as needed. If specialty care is needed, the physician is responsible for ensuring that the transition is seamless. The RD should be considered part of the medical home treatment plan
Patient Centered Medical Home
________ is the use of electronic information and technologies to support long distance clinical health care
Telehealth
Home ______ services are used to check in on symptoms and measure vital signs
Telehealth
______ for telehealth services varies among payers. Each payer determines the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes hey will recognize for ________
reimbursement, reimbursement
_______ coaching uses behavior change models and motivational interviewing (MI) It often involves some form of telehealth
Health
_______ is when an RDN uses electronic information and technologies to implement the NCP with clients at a remote location within provision of their state license as applicable. Medicare Part B allows some services provided by RDNs to be offered via telehealth including MNT, diabetes self management training
Telenutrition
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Health ______ ______ tracks nutrition care outcomes and advances evidence based nutrition practice research
Informatics Infrastructure
_____ ______ ______ (DOR) aggregates anonymous data available for outcomes research
Dietetics Outcomes Research
________ is the presentation or amount of activity from Twitter, Facebook science blogs, mainstream news and other sources over time
Altmetrics
____ and ________ ________ for _______ _______ FNDDS is used to analyze data from dietary surveys.
Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies
The ___’s Total Diet Study Database provides data on foods, minerals, and chemicals
FDA
The ______ ________ _____ (NIH) provides a Dietary Supplements Database
National Institutes of Health
Some major _____ and ______ management software for institutional use include Compnutrition, CBORD, Dietary Manager, ChefMax
Food and Nutrition
______ policy requires interaction between the legislative, executive and judiciary branches of the government
Public
The ______ branch (Congress, Senators, Representative) may introduce and enact a law and can override a veto by the executive branch.
Legislative
The ________ branch (President) may veto legislation or sign it into law
executive
The _______ branch may discard a law if it considers it in violation of a person’s basic rights and freedom
Judiciary
______ begins as a bill or a resolution
Legislation
The ____ is sent to committees which schedule public hearing where testimony is taken from the ____’s sponsors. An RDN can present views here or in the earlier planning stages,
Bill, bill
The committee revises the ____ during a markup session and put into its final form. If approved, it is sent to the Rules Committee for debate
Bill
A ____ needs approval from both houses (House of Representative and Senate) and the President
Bill
Difference between the House and the Senate are worked out in a Joint House-Senate Conference Committee, ultimately passing a reconciliation ____
Bill
An appropriations ____ must be passed to provide funding for a ____
Bill, bill
A federal regulation interprets a ___ and provides details and rules that put the policy into effect. At this point the ___ is essentially enforced but is easier to change.
Law, law
_______ are written by staff members of the agencies charged with enforcing the _______
Regulations, regulations
The ____ _____ ________ (FTC) regulates content of food ads; enforces truth in labeling; challenges product claims when product crosses state lines
Federal Trade Commission
The ____ and ___ _____________ (FDA) ensures safety of some domestic and imported food products
Food and Drug Administration
The _______ ______________ __________ (FCC) licenses radio and TV
Federal Communications Commision
The Federal ______ is responsible for notices of public hearings, proposed and final rules, agency decisions, is published weekly, and lists and changes in USDA food programs
Register
The Congressional ______ provides information from the floor, does not have hearings but lists bills with sponsors and actions, is issued daily when congress is in session
Record
The Congressional _____ provides a weekly update, identifies bills with sponsors and committees
Index
_______ is an aggressive form of action; plead cause of a group
Advocacy
________ are activities aimed at influencing public officials and legislators
Lobbying
The _____ _________ _______________ covers NSLP, SBP, CACFP, SFSP, SMP, WIC
Child Nutrition Re-authorization
The ____ ____ covers national and international nutrition education, research, and funding
Farm Bill
The _____ _________ ___ funds nutrition programs in the community and those that are homebound
Older American Act
