DO NOT STUDY Chapter 15.2

Question 1

association cortex

Answer 1

Neocortex outside the primary sensory and motor cortices that functions to produce cognition.

Question 2

binding problem

Answer 2

Philosophical question focused on how the brain ties single and varied sensory and motor events together into a unified perception or behavior.

Question 3

how much of the neocortex do the primary sensory and motor areas occupy?

Answer 3

1/3

Question 4

What do 2/3 of the neocortex occupy?

Answer 4

located in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, is referred to generally as the association cortex

Question 5

function of neocortex

Answer 5

produce cognition.

Question 6

connections of the association cortex

Answer 6

A major source of input to all cortical areas is the thalamus, which rests atop the brainstem. The primary sensory cortex receives inputs from thalamic nuclei that receive information from the body’s sense organs. But inputs to the association cortex come from thalamic areas that receive their inputs from other regions in the cortex.
As a result, inputs to the association cortex are already highly processed

Question 7

temporal association regions

Answer 7

produce cognition related to visual and auditory processing.

Question 8

parietal cortex

Answer 8

closely related to somatosensation and movement control.

Question 9

frontal cortex

Answer 9

cortex coordinates information coming from the parietal and temporal association regions with information coming from subcortical regions.

Question 10

prefrontal cortex (PFC)

Answer 10

encompass its dorsal, lateral, orbital frontal, and medial regions

Question 11

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Answer 11

An additional frontal-lobe region; functions as an interface between emotion and cognition.

Question 12

damage to V4

Answer 12

can no longer perceive color

Question 13

Damage to v5

Answer 13

can no longer see movement

Question 14

Agnosic

Answer 14

lack information about objects; damage to the ventral stream (visual processing) in the temporal association cortex

Question 15

knowledge of what things are

Answer 15

temporal

Question 16

knowledge of how to grasp

Answer 16

parietal

Question 17

multimodal regions

Answer 17

combine characteristics of stimuli across different senses when we encounter them, separately or together.

Question 18

Spatial cognition

Answer 18

refers to a whole range of mental functions that vary from navigational ability (getting from point A to point B) to the mental manipulation of complex visual arrays

Question 19

ability to move/visualize

Answer 19

the ability to mentally manipulate visual images seems likely to have arisen in parallel with the ability to navigate in space.
The evolution of skill in mental manipulation is also closely tied to the evolution of physical movements.

Question 20

attention

Answer 20

Selective narrowing or focusing of awareness to part of the sensory environment or to a class of stimuli.

Question 21

dorsal stream

Answer 21

in the parietal lobes plays a central role in controlling vision for action. Discrete limb movements are made to points in space, so a reasonable supposition is that the evolutionary development of the dorsal stream provided a neural basis for such spatial cognitive skills as the mental rotation of objects.

Question 22

what plays an important role in attention?

Answer 22

frontal lobes

Question 23

frontal association cortex plays a critical role in what?

Answer 23

the ability to flexibly direct attention where it is needed.

Question 24

when does neglect occur?

Answer 24

when a brain-injured person ignores sensory information that should be considered important.

Question 25

contralateral neglect

Answer 25

Ignoring a part of the body or world on the side opposite (contralateral to) that of a brain injury.

Question 26

extinction

Answer 26

In neurology, neglect of information on one side of the body when it is presented simultaneously with similar information on the other side of the body

Question 27

is neglect just in the physical world?

Answer 27

no it can also occur in the mind

Question 28

Temporal (time) organization

Answer 28

Youu are planning what you need to do and when you need to do it. This kind of planning is the general function of the frontal lobes, especially the prefrontal cortex.

Question 29

Are people with frontal lobe injuries able to organize their behavior?

Answer 29

no

Question 30

perseveration

Answer 30

Tendency to emit repeatedly the same verbal or motor response to varied stimuli.

Question 31

mirror neuron

Answer 31

Cell in the primate premotor cortex that fires when an individual observes a specific action taken by another individual.

Question 32

where are “movement” neurons located?

Answer 32

located in the inferior frontal and posterior parietal cortex discharge when a monkey sees other monkeys make the same movements.

Question 33

difference between human and monkey mirror neurons

Answer 33

A major difference between humans and monkeys is that the mirror neurons are localized in the human left hemisphere. This unilateral representation may be significant for understanding how language is organized in the brain.

Question 34

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 34

Study of the neural bases of cognition.

Question 35

brain connectome

Answer 35

Map of the complete structural and functional neural connections of the human brain in vivo