Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physio > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

sound waves

A

undulating displacement of molecules caused by changing pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

frequency

A

number of cycles that a wave completes in a given amount of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

measure of frequency (repetition rate) of a sound wave; 1 hertz is equal to 1 cycle per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 physical attributes of sound waves

A

frequency, amplitude, complexity—>produced by the displacement of air molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how fast do sound waves travel?

A

fixed speed of 1100 feet per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Frequency & pitch perception

A

the rate at which sound waves vibrate is measured as cycles per second, or hertz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

amplitude and perception of loudness

A

intensity of sound is usually measured in decibels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

complexity and timbre

A

mixture of frequencies; a sound’s complexity determines its timbre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

timbre

A

perception of sound quality; perceived characteristics that distinguish a particular sound from all others of similar pitch and loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

low pitch sounds

A

have slow wave frequencies (fewer cycles per second)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

high pitched sounds

A

have faster wave frequencies (many cycles per second)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

range of human’s hearing

A

20-20,000 hertz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

perfect (absolute) pitch

A

runs in families; suggests genetic influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

amplitude

A

intensity of a stimulus; in audition, roughly equivalent to loudness, graphed by increasing height of a sound wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

decibel (dB)

A

unit for measuring the relative physical intensity of sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what causes increased loudness?

A

increase compression of air molecules intensifies the energy in a sound wave, which amps the sound—makes it louder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pure tones

A

sounds with a single frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

complex tones

A

sounds that mix wave frequencies together in combinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the rate at which the complete waveform pattern repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

overtones

A

set of higher-frequency sound waves that vibrate at whole-number (integer) multiples of the fundamental frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

noise

A

sounds that are aperiodic or random

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

frequency of waves

A

pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

height (amplitude) of waves

A

loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

left temporal lobe

A

speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

right temporal lobe

A

music

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does music help us do?

A

regulate our own emotion and to affect the emotion of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

buzz

A

nonspeech and nonmusic noise produced at a rate of about 5 segments per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

segment

A

a distinct unit of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

normal speed of speech

A

8-10 segments per second; capable of understanding speech at the rate of 30 segments per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

categorization of sounds

A

auditory system must have a mechanism for categorizing sounds as being the same despite small differences in pronunciation. Experience must affect this mechanism bc different languages categorize speech differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

loudness

A

magnitude of a sound as judged by a person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

pitch

A

the position of each tone on a musical scale as judged by the listener

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

prosody

A

melodical tone of the spoken voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

progression of sound waves

A

ear collects waves–> converts to mechanical energy–> electrochemical neural energy–> brainstem (auditory cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

pinna

A

funnel-like external structure of the outer ear catches waves and deflects them to the external ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

external ear canal

A

short distance from pinna inside the head; amplifies sound waves somewhat and directs them to the eardrum at its inner end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

middle ear

A

air filled chamber that containes the ossicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

ossicles

A

bones of the middle ear; malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup); attach the eardrum to the oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

oval window

A

an opening in the bony casing of the cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

cochlea

A

inner-ear structure that contains the auditory receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

organ of Corti

A

receptor cells in the cochlea and the cells that support them

42
Q

basilar membrane

A

receptor surface in the cochlea that transduces sound waves into neural activity

43
Q

hair cell

A

sensory neurons in the cochlea tipped by cilia; when stimulated by waves in the cochlear fluid, outer hair cells generate graded potentials in inner hair cells, which act as the auditory receptor cells

44
Q

cilia

A

filaments at the tip of a hair cell

45
Q

tectorial membrane

A

cilia in the basilar membrane loosely contact this membrane

46
Q

processing sound waves

A

pressure from the stirrup on the oval window makes conchlear fluid move; the waves traveling through the fluid bend the basilar and tectorial membranes which stimulates the cilia of the outer hair cells. This stimulation generates graded potentials in the inner hair cells that act as auditory receptor cells.

47
Q

What determines how much neurotransmitter is released?

A

the change in membrane potential of the inner hair cells varies the amount of neurotransmitter released

48
Q

Fast wave frequencies

A

caused maximum peaks of displacement near the base of the basilar membrane

49
Q

slower wave frequencies

A

cause maximum displacement peaks near the membrane’s apex

50
Q

what do hair cells do?

A

transform sound waves into neural activity

51
Q

how many sets of hair cells do we have?

A

two: 500 inner, 12000 outer

52
Q

Are both inner and outer hair cells auditory receptors?

A

NO. only inner

53
Q

How are inner hair cells stimulated?

A

the movement of the basilar and tectorial membranes causes the cochlear fluid to flow past the cilia of the inner cells, bending them back and forth

54
Q

Purpose of outer hair cells?

A

to sharpen the cochlea’s resolving power by contracting or relaxing

55
Q

how to outer hair cells contract or relax?

A

axons in the auditory nerve–>outer hair cells send a message to the brainstem auditory areas and receives a message back that causes the cells to alter tension

56
Q

depolarization

A

movement of cilia toward the tallest

57
Q

hyperpolarization

A

movement toward the shortest cilia

58
Q

what do inner hair cells synapse with?

A

neighboring bipolar cells, the axons that form the auditory (cochlear) nerve

59
Q

auditory nerve

A

forms part of the eighth cranial nerve, the auditory vestibular nerve that governs hearing and balance

60
Q

how many inputs to bipolar cells receive?

A

ONE. from a single inner hair cell recetpor

61
Q

do projections from the cochlear nucleus connect with cells on the same side of the head?

A

They connect with cells on the same and opposite sides of the head–> perceptions of a single sound

62
Q

Pathways from the interior colliculus

A

ventral region–> primary auditory cortex; dorsal region–> projects to the auditory cortical regions adjacent to area A1

63
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

major thalamic region concerned with audition

64
Q

primary auditory cortex (area A1)

A

asymmetrical structures, found within Heschl’s gyrus in the temporal lobes, that receive input from the ventral region of the medial geniculate nucleus

65
Q

where is A1 located?

A

within Heschl’s gyrus, surrounded by secondary cortical areas A2

66
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

secondary auditory cortex (planum temporale) lying behind Heschl’s gyrus at the rear of the left temporal lobe that regulates language comprehension; also called posterior speech zones

67
Q

lateralization

A

process whereby functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain

68
Q

insula

A

located within the lateral fissure, multifunctional cortical tissue that contains regions related to language, to the perception of taste, and to the neural structures underlying social cognition

69
Q

is the auditory cortex symmetrical?

A

no–it is anatomically and functionally asymmetrical

70
Q

Lateralized functions

A

left–> Language; right–> music

71
Q

tonotropic representation

A

property of audition in which sound waves are processed in a systematic fashion from lower to higher frequencies

72
Q

cochlear implant

A

electronic device implanted surgically into the inner ear to transduce sound waves into neural activity and allow a deaf person to hear

73
Q

Pitch and tonotropic representation

A

hair-cell cilia at the base of the cochlea are maximally displaced by high-frequency waves that we hear as low-pitched sounds.

74
Q

pitch and bipolar cells

A

convey information about the spot on the basilar membrane from apex to base that is being stimulated

75
Q

Detecting loudness

A

simplest way for a cochlear (bipolar) cells to indicate sound-wave intensity is to fire at a higher rate when amplitude is greater

76
Q

Detecting location

A

since each cochlear nerve synapses on both sides of the brain–> mechanisms for locating the source of a sound

77
Q

left-ear, right-ear arrival times

A

detecting location; carried out in the medial part of the superior olivary complex

78
Q

What happens when we don’t detect a different between the left and right ears?

A

we infer that the sound is directly in front of or behind us

79
Q

How do we detect the source of a sound?

A

relative loudness and location (ear)

80
Q

Neurons in ventral pathway

A

decode spectrally complex sounds (object recognition–including the meaning of speech sounds)

81
Q

neurons in the dorsal pathway

A

less is known; plays a role in integrating auditory and somatosensory information to control speech production

82
Q

Is language genetically determined?

A

it is genetically based in humans

83
Q

Syntax

A

rules that specify exactly how various parts of speech are positioned in a sentence

84
Q

creolization

A

development of a new language from what was formerly a rudimentary language or pidgin

85
Q

Broca’s area

A

anterior speech area in the left hemisphere that functions with the motor cortex to produce the movements needed for speaking

86
Q

Broca’s area (shorter definition)

A

stores motor programs for speaking words

87
Q

Wernicke’s area (shorter definition)

A

contains sound images of words

88
Q

Aphasia

A

inability to speak or comprehend language despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mechanisms.

89
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

is the inability to understand or to produce meaningful language even though the production of words is still intact

90
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

is the inability to speak fluently despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mechanisms.

91
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

messages travel to Brocas from Wernicke’s through this; connects these two regions

92
Q

stimulation to A1

A

produces simple tones–ringing sounds; analyzes bursts of noise; analyzes incoming auditory signals, speech and nonspeech

93
Q

stimulation to adjacent areas to A1 (Wernicke’s)

A

causes interpretation of sound (ex. buzzing is bc of cricket); analyzes complex auditory stimulation; responsible for higher-order signal processing required for analyzing language sound patterns

94
Q

four important cortical regions for language

A

broca’s, wenicke’s, dorsal area of the frontal lobes and the areas of the motor and somatosensory cortex (control facial, tongue, throat muscles)

95
Q

supplementary speech area

A

speech-production region on the dorsal surface of the left frontal lobe

96
Q

speech arrest

A

stopping of ongoing speech completely

97
Q

aneruysm

A

bulge in a blood-vessel wall caused by weakening of the tissue

98
Q

amusia

A

tone deafness–inability to distinguish between musical notes

99
Q

Stroke & Music

A

activates the motor and premotor cortex and can improve gait and arm training after stroke

100
Q

Aphasia & Music

A

enhances the ability to discriminate speech sounds and to distinguish speech from background noise

101
Q

Parkinson’s & music

A

stepping to the beat of music can improve their gait length and walking speed

102
Q

echolocation

A

ability to identify and locate an object by bouncing sound waves off the object

Physio (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions