Chapter 12 Flashcards
four regions that respond to both types (social/ physical) pain
insula, dorsal anterior cingulate (limbic) cortex, somatosensory thalamus, and secondary somatosensory cortex
emotion
cognitive interpretation of subjective feelings.
motivation
Behavior that seems purposeful and goal-directed.
sensory deprivation
experimental setup in which a subject is allowed only restricted sensory input; subjects generally have a low tolerance for deprivation and may even display hallucinations.
androgen
Male hormone related to level of sexual interest.
what is one way to modulate reward circuits?
chemical senses: smell & taste
chemosignals (chemical signals)
play a central role in motivated and emotional behavior
role of olfaction
seems designed to discriminate whether information is safe or familiar
what does scent interact with?
chemical receptors
Are chemical receptors replaced?
chemical receptors are constantly being replaced
how long to olfactory receptors last?
60 days
olfactory epithelium
The receptor surface for olfaction; lies in the nasal cavity,
what is the olfactory epithelium made of?
composed of receptor cells and support cells
what do olfactory epithelium receptor cells do?
sends a process that ends in 10 to 20 cilia into a mucous layer
name of the mucous layer?
olfactory mucosa.
what happens if receptors are affected by an olfactory chemosignal?
metabotropic activation of a specific G protein leads to an opening of sodium channels and a change in membrane potential.
What do olfactory receptor neurons in vertebrates respond to?
do not respond to specific odors but rather to a range of odors
What produces our perception of a particular odor?
any given odorant stimulates a unique pattern of receptors, and the summed activity, or pattern of activity
where do olfactory receptor cells project?
to the olfactory bulb, ending in ball-like tufts of dendrites called glomeruli
what do olfactory receptor cells form synapses with?
dendrites of mitral cells
where do mitral cells send their axons?
send their axons from the olfactory bulb to the broad range of forebrain areas
orbitofrontal cortex (oFc)
prefrontal cortex located behind the eye sockets (the orbits) that receives projections from the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus; plays a central role in a variety of emotional and social behaviors as well as in eating; also called orbital frontal cortex.
pheromone
odorant biochemical released by one animal that acts as a chemosignal and can affect the physiology or behavior of another animal.
vomeronasal organ
detects pheromones; made up of a small group of sensory receptors connected by a duct to the nasal passage.