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Physio > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

substances that act to alter mood, thought or behavior, are used to manage neuropsychological illness and may be abused

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2
Q

Route of Administration

A

way in which a drug enters and passes through the body to reach its target

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3
Q

Oral Administration

A

Easy and convenient; most complex route. Must be absorbed through the stomach lining or small intestine to enter the blood stream

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4
Q

In order to pass into the blood stream a drug must be….

A

soluble in water because blood has a high concentration of water

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5
Q

Gas or Aerosol Administration

A

penetrate the cell linings of the respiratory tract; are easily absorbed across these membranes into the bloodstream

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6
Q

Skin Administration

A

small molecule drugs penetrate the skin’s barrier (nicotine)

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7
Q

When obstacles are eliminated en route to the brain

A

the dosage of a drug can be reduced by a factor of 10

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8
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

tight junctions between the cells of blood vessels in the brain that prevent the passage of most substances; protects the brain from many circulating hormones, toxic and infectious substances

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9
Q

Brain Capillaries–> Tight Junctions

A

Capillaries are formed by a single layer of endothelial cells; not fused in most parts of the body but ARE fused in the brain–> causing tight junctions

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10
Q

Where does the blood-brain barrier not exist?

A

postrema of the lower brainstem allows toxic substances in the blood to trigger a vomiting response; Pineal gland enables hormones to reach it to modulate day-night cycle; Pituitary is triggered in part by other hormones

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11
Q

What does the brain need to work?

A

oxygen, glucose, amino acids

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12
Q

How do essential molecules cross the BBB?

A

small molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) pass through the endothelial membrane; glucose, amino acids and other food components are carried across by active-transport systems (Ion-pumps-transporter proteins)

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13
Q

Catabolize

A

breaking down and removal of drugs by the body

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14
Q

What part of the body is especially important in catabolizing drugs?

A

Liver.

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15
Q

Drug neurotransmission at a synapse

A
  1. Synthesis of the neurotransmitter can take place in the cell body, axon or terminal 2. Storage of the neurotransmitter in granules, vesicles or both 3. Release of the transmitter from the terminal’s presynaptic membrane into the synapse 4. Receptor Interaction in the post synaptic membrane, transmitter acts on an embedded receptor 5. Inactivation of excess neutransmitter at the synapse 6. Reuptake into the presynaptic terminal for reuse 7. Degradation of excess neurotransmitter by synaptic mechanisms and removal of unneeded by-products from the synapse
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16
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that increase neurotransmission

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17
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that decrease neurotransmission

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

agonists that excite muscles

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19
Q

Acetycholine Antagonists

A

Botulin Toxin (blocks release) Curare (blocks receptors)

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20
Q

Acetycholine Agonists

A

Choline-rich diets Black widow spider venom (promotes release) Nicotine (stimulates receptors) Physostigmmine (blocks inactivation) Organophosphates (blocks inactivation)

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21
Q

Tolerance

A

decrease in response to a drug with the passage of time

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22
Q

Three kinds of tolerance

A

metabolic, cellular, learned

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23
Q

Metabolic toelrance

A

number of enzymes needed to break down alcohol in the liver, blood and brain increases. As a result, any alcohol that is consumed is metabolized more quickly, so blood-alcohol levels are reduced

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24
Q

Cellular Tolerance

A

activities of brain cells adjust to minimize the effects of alcohol present in the blood

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25
Q

Learned Tolerance

A

can help explain a drop in the outward signs of intoxication. Learn how to cope with influences of alcohol

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26
Q

When are people most likely to experience drug sensitization?

A

when they are occasional users.

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27
Q

Drug sensitization

A

increased responsiveness to successive equal doses; may manifest as a progressive increase OR decrease in emitted behavior

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28
Q

Neural basis of sensitization

A

occurs a number of ways: increase of neurotransmitter at presynaptic terminal, changes in # of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, changes in the rate of transmitter metabolism in the synaptic space, changes in transmitter reuptake by the presynaptic membrances, changes in the size and # of synapses

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29
Q

Sensitization and environment

A

showing a change in learned responses to cues in the environment as sensitization progresses. Before someone becomes addicted they must have a number of experiences with the drug away from the home environment

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30
Q

Classes of Drugs

A

I Antianxiety agents and sedative hypnotics II antipsychotic agents III antidepressant and mood stabilizers IV opioid analgesics V psychotropics

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31
Q

Antianxiety Agents

A

drugs that reduce anxiety; minor tranquilizers (benzodiazepines) are to aid in sleep; sedative hypnotic agents (barbiturates and alcohol) are sedatives and sleep agents

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32
Q

Characteristic of sedative hypnotics

A

user develops a tolerance

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33
Q

Cross-Tolerance

A

tolerance developed for one drug is carried over to a different member of the drug group

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34
Q

Target for sedative hypnotic and antianxiety drugs

A

GABA (GABAa contains a chloride ion channel), Inhibitory effect of GABA–reduce neuronal firing. Also responds to PCP, GHB and special K

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35
Q

Antipsychotic Agents

A

first-generation= phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, thorazine) and butyrophenones (haloperidol, haldol)–> work by blocking D2 receptor (reduces motor activity and alleviates excessive agitation)

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36
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

A

idea that excess activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine causes symptoms of schizophrenia

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37
Q

LSD

A

produces symptoms similiar to schizophrenia; serotonin agonist that acts on the 5-HT2 receptor

38
Q

PCP and Special K

A

produce schizophrenia-like symptoms; formerly used as anesthetics; block glutamate receptors

39
Q

Antidepressants and Mood stabilizers

A

Used for Major Depression and bipolar disorder

40
Q

Antidepressant medications

A

include: Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and second-generation antidepressants. Improve chemical neurotransmission at serotonin, noradrenaline, histamine, acetylcholine, and dopamine synapses. All are AGONISTS

41
Q

MAO Inhibitor

A

provides for more serotonin release with each action potential by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (enzyme that breaks down serotonin within the axon terminal)

42
Q

Tricyclices and Second generation antidepressants

A

block the reuptake transporter that takes serotonin back into the axon terminal

43
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

A

tricyclic antidepressant drug that blocks the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic terminal

44
Q

Second Generation Antidepressant

A

drug whose action is similar to that of tricyclics but more selective in its action on the serotonin reuptake transporter proteins

45
Q

Antidepressants take how long to work?

A

weeks. May be because they stimulate second messengers in neurons to activate repair of those damaged by stress

46
Q

Mood stabilizers

A

(lithium) mute the intensity of one pole of bipolar disorder, thus making the other less likely to occur. Does not directly affect mood–> may stimulate neuronal repair.

47
Q

Opioid Analgesics

A

Drug like morphine, with sleep-inducing (narcotic) and pain-relieving (analgesic) properties

48
Q

Sources of Opioids

A

Opium can be synthesized into: codeine (pain reliever that is transformed into morphine by the liver) and morphine (pain reliever) Brain- peptides in the body have opioid-like effects (endorphines)

49
Q

Endorphin

A

peptide hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter and may be associated with feelings of pain or pleasure; mimicked by opioid drugs such as morphine, heroine, opium and codeine

50
Q

Classes of endorphins

A

Endomorphins enkephalins dynorphins

51
Q

Endorphin receptors

A

mu kappa delta

52
Q

Morphine

A

most closely mimics endomorphins and binds most selectively at mu

53
Q

Heroin

A

affects mu receptors; is synthesized from morphine; more fat-soluble and penetrates the BBB more quickly

54
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

drugs such as nalorphine and naloxone that acts quickly to block the actions of opioids by competing with them for binding sites; used to treat opioid addictions

55
Q

Effects of opioids

A

pain relief, relaxation, sleep, euphoria, constipation, respiratory depression, decreased blood pressure, pupil constriction, hypothermia, drying of secretions, reduced sex drive, flushed warm skin

56
Q

Psychotropics

A

stimulants that mainly affect mental activity, motor activity, arousal, perception and mood

57
Q

Behavioral stimulants

A

affect motor activity and mood

58
Q

Psychedelic and Hallucinogenic Stimulants

A

affect perception and produce hallucinations

59
Q

General Stimulants

A

Affect mood

60
Q

Amphetamine

A

behavioral stimulant; synthetic compound (attempts to synthesize epinephrine); dopamine agonist that acts frist by blocking the dopamine reuptake transporter; also stimulates DA from presynaptic membranes

61
Q

Cocaine

A

Behavioral stimulant; dopamine agonist that acts frist by blocking the dopamine reuptake transporter; extracted from Peruvian coca shrub

62
Q

Methamphetamine

A

amphetamine derivative

63
Q

Psychedelic and Hallucinogenic Stimulants

A

alter sensory perception and cognitive processes and can produce hallucinations

64
Q

Types of psychedelicss

A

Acetylcholine, anandamide, glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin

65
Q

Acetylcholine Psychedelics

A

either both (atropine) or facilitate (nicotine) transmission at acetylcholine synapses

66
Q

Anandamide Psychedelics

A

endogenous neurotransmitter that enhances forgetting; prevents brain’s memory systems from being overwhelmed; THC acts on receptors for anandamide (CB1 and CB2)

67
Q

Glutamate Psychedelics

A

PCP and Ketamine –block glutamate NMDA receptors (receptors involved in learning)

68
Q

Norepinephrine Psychedelics

A

Mescaline (peyote cactus) produces a sense of spatial boundlessness and visual hallucinations

69
Q

Serotonin Psychedelics

A

LSD and psilocybin (obtained from shrooms) stimulate serotonin receptors and block the activity of other serotonergic neurons through serotonin autoreceptors. May stimulate other transmitter systems (such as norepinenrine –> ecstasy)

70
Q

General Stimulants

A

drugs that cause an overall increase in the metabolic activity of the cells. Ex. Caffeine

71
Q

Disinhibition Theory

A

explanation holding that alcohol has a selective depressant effect on the cortex, the region of the brain that controls judgment, while sparing subcortical structures responsible for more primitive instincts, such as desire

72
Q

Alcohol Myopia

A

“nearsighted” behavior displayed under the influence of alcohol: local and immediate cues become prominent, and remote cues and consequences are ignored

73
Q

Substance Abuse

A

Use of a drug for the psychological and behavioral changes it produces aside from its therapeutic effects

74
Q

Addiction

A

Desire for a drug manifested by frequent use of the drug, leading to the development of physical dependence in addition to abuse; often associated with tolerance and unpleasant, sometimes dangerous, withdrawal symptoms on cessation of drug use

75
Q

Withdrawal Symptom

A

physical and psychological behavior displayed by an addict when drug use ends; includes muscle aches, cramps, anxiety, sweating, nausea, convulsions, death

76
Q

Psychomotor Activation

A

increased behavioral and cognitive activity; at certain levels of consumption, the drug user feels energetic and in control

77
Q

Abused Drugs

A

may act on the same target in the brain: dopamine in the mesolimbic pathways of the dopaminergic activating system; abused drugs increase DA directly or indirectly

78
Q

Sex and Addiction

A

females are twice as sensitive to drugs as males; females are more likely to abuse nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, opioids, cannabinoids, caffeine, and PCP

79
Q

Wanting-and-Liking-Theory

A

AKA incentive-sensitization theory; Wanting = cravings, Liking= pleasure from drug taking; with repeated use, tolerance for liking develops and pleasure decreased BUT wanting sensitizes

80
Q

Where the decision to take a drug takes place

A

Frontal cortex

81
Q

Where liking takes place

A

opioid systems in the brainstem–> pleasurable experiences

82
Q

Where wanting takes place

A

activity in the mesolimbic pathways of the dopaminergic activating system

83
Q

Learning and Drug Use

A

repeated pairings of drug-related cues to drug taking forms neural associations in the dorsal striatum (basal ganglia); cues associated with drug taking influence decisions to take or continue to take drugs

84
Q

Epigenetics and Addiction

A

addictive drugs can influence gene regulation by determining which genes are expressed

85
Q

Brain Damage and Glutamate

A

MSG and glutamate–results in influx of Ca2+ into the cell–>second messenger–>suicide gene–> cell death

86
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell death

87
Q

Brain damage and Alcohol

A

thalamus and limbic system damage, may be due to a lack of thiamine (B1)

88
Q

MDMA and Brain Damage

A

degeneration of fine serotonergic nerve terminals

89
Q

Cocaine and Brain Damage

A

blocks cerebral blood blow; brain regions reduce in size

90
Q

THC and Brain Damage

A

may cause psychosis, but has neuroprotective properties; aids in healing after TBI and slows progression of Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s

91
Q

Testosterone

A

sex hormone secretes by the testes and responsible for distinguishing characteristics of the male

Physio (20 decks)

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