Chapter 11 Flashcards
neuroprosthetics
computer assisted devices replace lost biological function
computer brain interface (CBI)
employs electrical signals from a computer to instruct the brain
brain computer brain interface (BCBI)
combine the BCI and CBI approaches
brain computer inferface
employs electrical signals from the brain to direct computer controlled devices
Major components of the motor system?
cerebrum (forebrain); brainstem; spinal cord
cerebrum
contributes to our conscious control of movement
Brainstem & Spinal cord
perform our more automatic movements
what happens if the brainstem or spinal cord is impaired?
the forebrain can imagine move- ments but can no longer produce them
Visual systems role in picking up object
relays this information through somatosensory regions of the neocortex to the motor regions of the neocortex that plan and initiate the movement.
basal ganglia’s role in picking up object
produces appropriate amount of force when picking up an object
brain stem & cerebellum’s role in picking up object
helps to regulate the timing and accuracy of the movement.
8 steps to pick up object
1 Visual information required to locate the target.
2 Frontal-lobe motor areas plan the reach and command the movement.
3 Spinal cord carries information to the hand
4 Motor neurons carry message to muscles of the hand and forearm
5 Sensory receptors on the fingers send message to sensory cortex saying that the cup has been grasped
6 Spinal cord carries sensory information to the brain.
7 Basal ganglia judge grasp forces, and cerebellum corrects movement errors.
8 Sensory cortex receives message that the cup has been grasped.
Afferent
somatosensory information travels from the body inward via the somatic nervous system
efferent
movement information travels out of the central nervous system
cross section of spinal cord: Outer part
consists of white matter; dorsal tracts are sensory and ventral tracts are motor
cross section of spinal cord: inner part
gray matter; shaped like a butterfly;
tracts
bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS
nerves
bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS
dermatomes
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Nervous system organization
hypothesized to be organized in a number of levels, Successively higher levels control more complex aspects of behavior by acting through the lower levels. The three major levels: forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord. Proposed that further levels of organization exist within these divisions,
Do higher levels replace lower levels?
no, they act by controlling them
Motor sequence
Movement modules preprogrammed by the brain and produced as a unit.
Mirror Neuron
cell in the primate premotor cortex that fires when an individual observes a specific action taken by another individual
frontal lobe
responsible for planning and initiating motor sequences