DM - Background

Question 1

T1
Clinical presentation;
Presents in ?/? with a 2-? week history of;
o ? : high sugar content in urine leading to ? diuresis.
o ? : due to resulting fluid loss.
o ? loss: fluid depletion plus ?/? breakdown.

? ? is also a common first presentation.

Answer 1

kids/adolescents
6
polyuria - osmotic
polydipsia 
weight
fat/muscle
DKA

Question 2

T2
This ‘insulin resistance’ is associated with ?, ? factors, ?, high ? diets and a ? lifestyle.
Eventually the B cells decompensate, and can no longer produce excess ?, leading to ?

Answer 2

aging, genetic, obesity, fat, sedentary
insulin
hypergylcaemia

Question 3

T2 Clinical presentation;

The clinical onset may be over many ?/?, with the classic ? of symptoms present, but less obvious than in TlDM.
More common presenting features are;
o Lack of ?.
o Visual ?: glucose-induced refractive changes.
o ? vulvae/?: due to ? infection.

Answer 3

months/years
triad
energy
blurring
pruritus
balanitis
candida

Question 4

T2 Presx

In ? patients, it may be the complications of diabetes that are the presenting feature;
o ?: noted by the optician.
o Polyneuropathy: ? and ? in the ?.
o ? dysfunction.
o Arterial disease: ?/? ? disease.

Answer 4

older
retinopathy
tingling
numbness
feet
erectile
mi
peripheral vascular

Question 5

T2 Presx

T2DM is recognised as part of the ? syndrome;
o T2DM.
o ? obesity.
o Dyslipidaemia: low ? cholesterol, hyper?

Answer 5

metabolic
central
HDL
triglyceridemia

Question 6

Secondary causes account for ?% of cases;

• Pancreatic disease;
• —o ??, chronic ?, pancreatic ?.
• Endocrine disease;
• —o ?’s disease, ?, ?, P??, glucagonoma.

Answer 6

1
CF
pancreatitis
ca
cushings
acomegaly
thyrotoxicosis
pheochromocytoma

Question 7

Secondary causes account for ?% of cases;

• Drug induced;
  o ? diuretics, ?, anti?, anti?
• Congenital disease;
  o ? receptor abnormalities, ? dystrophy, ?’s ataxia.

Answer 7

1
thiazide
steroids
retrovirals
psychs
insulin
myotonic
friedrichs