Diuretics

Question 1

Mention 4 processes of formation urine

Answer 1

*filtration
*Reabsorption
*secretion
*excretion

Question 2

How many liters of urine is filtered every day

Answer 2

120 litters / day

Question 3

How many liters of urine is voided or urinated a day

Answer 3

1.5 liters

Question 4

Classification of diuretics By efficacy

Answer 4

*By efficacy
-high ceiling diuretics- loop diuretics 15-25%
-medium (moderate)ceiling diuretics: thiazides and thiazide like substance
-weak ceiling diuretics: potassium sparing diuretics: Aldosterone antagonists , carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics

Question 5

Classification of diuretics based on sites of action (inhibitors of sodium or salt reabsorption

Answer 5

• Glomerulus: methyl xanthines( increases filtration in glomerulus)Aminophylline, theophylline
• proximal convoluted tubules :carbonic anhyrase inhibitor
• loop of Henle: osmotic diuretics
  *Ascending loop of henle: loop diuretics (NA +K +2cl)
• distal convoluted tubules : Thiazides and thiazide like drugs and inhibitors of symport Na cl amloride
• collecting ducts : potassium sparing drugs

Question 6

Name the drug that inhibits carbonic anhydrase

Answer 6

*Acetazolamide

Question 7

Side effects of acetazolamide

Answer 7

*Hyperchloremic acidosis ( due to loss of bicarbonate into urine:Alkaline urine

Question 8

Therapeutic use of acetazolamide

Answer 8

• open angle glaucoma
  *Metabolic alkalosis
  *Altitude sickness

Question 9

Name the drug osmotic diuretic and briefly describe its mechanisms of action

Answer 9

*mannitol
Mechanism of action:extracts water from intracellular fluid to extra cellular fluids ,washes out leaky fluids from the tubules thus inducing duiresis

Question 10

Clinical uses of mannitol

Answer 10

*intracranial pressure and brain mass
*intraocular pressure
*Acute renal failure
* it is used for elimination of toxins in incase of toxicity

Question 11

List 3 loop diuretics

Answer 11

Torsemide
Furosemide
Bumetanide

Question 12

Clinical uses of loop diuretics mention 4

Answer 12

*acute pulmonary edema
*hypertension
*nephrotic syndrome
*renal failure

Question 13

Mention 5 side effects of loop diuretics

Answer 13

*Hypokalemia
*Hyperuricemia
*Hypocalcemia
*Hypo magnesia
*Ototoxicity

Question 14

Name a thiazide group

Answer 14

*Hydrochlorithiazide

Question 15

Clinical uses of thiazides

Answer 15

*Arterial hypertension
*chronic heart failure
*liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension
*hypervitaminosis D
*Hypocalcemia and osteoporosis

Question 16

Mention 2 thiazide like drugs

Answer 16

*indapamide
*clopamide

Question 17

List the two group of drugs under potassium sparing drugs

Answer 17

*Aldosterone antagonist
:spironolactone
:Eplerenone
*Nacl channel blockers
: Amiloride
:Triamterene

Question 18

Clinical uses of spirinolactone

Answer 18

*polycytic ovarian syndrome
*resistant arterial hypertension
*primary and secondary hyperaldosteremia
*Hypokalemia