Diuretics

Question 1

What do loop diuretics inhibit

Answer 1

NKCC2 transporters

Question 2

Where do loop diuretics work

Answer 2

Ascending limb of LOH

Question 3

Side effects of loop diuretics

Answer 3

Dehydration, hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis, deafness

Question 4

Uses of loop diuretics

Answer 4

Acute pulmonary oedema, chronic HF, hypertension, liver cirrhosis, AKI, nephrotic syndrome

Question 5

What do thiazide diuretics inhibit

Answer 5

Apical Na+/Cl- cotransporters

Question 6

Where do thiazide diuretics work

Answer 6

Distal tubule

Question 7

What are thiazide diuretics used for

Answer 7

Hypertension, heart failure, oedema

Question 8

Side effects of thiazide diuretics

Answer 8

Hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis, increased plasma uric acid, hyperglycaemia, increased plasma cholesterol

Question 9

Example of thiazide diuretics

Answer 9

Indapamide

Question 10

Example of loop diuretics

Answer 10

Furosemide

Question 11

Effects of hypokalaemia

Answer 11

Mild: fatigue, dizziness, muscle weakness
Severe: muscle paralysis, arrhythmia, death

Question 12

What do aldosterone antagonists inhibit

Answer 12

Competitive inhibitor of aldosterone receptor

Reduced Na+ channel formation

Question 13

Where do aldosterone antagonists work

Answer 13

DT cells

Question 14

Uses of aldosterone antagonists

Answer 14

HF, oedema, resistant hypertension

Question 15

Side effects of aldosterone antagonists

Answer 15

Hyperkalaemia, metabolic acidosis, GI upset, gynaecomastia/testicular atrophy

Question 16

Example of aldosterone antagonists

Answer 16

Spironolactone

Question 17

How/where do non-aldosterone antagonists work

Answer 17

Inhibit Na+ reabsorption and decrease K+ excretion in distal tubule
Block Na+ luminal channel

Question 18

Side effects of non-aldosterone antagonists

Answer 18

Hyperkalaemia, GI disturbances, metabolic acidosis, skin rash

Question 19

Examples of non-aldosterone antagonists

Answer 19

Triamterene, amiloride

Question 20

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 20

Block NaHCO3- reabsorption in PT
Used for glaucoma/epilepsy
Metabolic acidosis/kidney stones
Azetozolamide

Question 21

Osmotic Diuretics

Answer 21

Non reabsorbable solute excreted within an hour, lasts 6-8 hours
Used for cerebral oedema, glaucoma, kidney failure and can eliminate toxins
Can increase plasma volume
Mannitol

Question 22

Potential ADH antagonists

Answer 22

Li+ and demeclocycline
Diabetes insipidus/renal failure
Orally active

Question 23

Coffee

Answer 23

Increases CO -> weak diuresis

Vasodilation of afferent arteriole