Anatomy 3

Question 1

PEAR DUCKS

Answer 1

Kidneys, suprarenal glands, aorta and IVC

Question 2

Retroperitoneal structures

Answer 2

Kidneys and ureter

Question 3

Extraperitoneal structures

Answer 3

Bladder and urethra

Question 4

Kidney location

Answer 4

T12-L3
Receive 20% cardiac output
Cortex and medulla
Posterior abdominal wall

Question 5

Renal Imaging

Answer 5

Contrast radiology, CT, MRI

Question 6

Renal pain caused by

Answer 6

Stretching capsule - increased internal pressure
Spasm of smooth muscle of renal pelvis
Referred to T12 cutaneous area

Question 7

Renal transplant

Answer 7

Implanted into iliac fossa
Vessels are anastomosed - renal artery to external iliac artery and renal vein to external iliac vein
A ureterocystostomy is done straight into bladder

Question 8

Kidney Malformations

Answer 8

Bilateral/unilateral renal agenesis
Supernumerary kidneys
Renal fusion
Ectopic kidney
Simple/polycystic kidney

Question 9

Kidney stones

Answer 9

Seen on plain film radiographs
Or CT urography
Cause of renal colic - pain caused by peristaltic movement of ureters - felt in waves
Shock wave lithotripsy is standard treatment

Question 10

3 narrowest points of ureters

Answer 10

Pelviureteric junction
Crossing iliac vessels/pelvic brin
Entering bladder

Question 11

Shape of suprarenal glands

Answer 11

Right: pyramidal
Left: semilunar

Question 12

Internal anatomy of suprarenal glands

Answer 12

Cortex: corticosteroids, sex hormones
Medulla: adrenaline
- neurovascular supply: sup, mid, inf suprarenal arteries and vein, abdomenpelvic nerves - splanchnic

Question 13

Which bones is the post abdominal wall comprised of

Answer 13

ribs 11 & 12
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Illia

Question 14

Nerves of diaphragm

Answer 14

Phrenic C3-5 - motor

Intercostal T5-11 and subcostal T12 - sensory

Question 15

Quadratus Lumborum

Answer 15

Posterior to kidneys
Iliac crest to rib 12 (attached laterally to TA)
Provides stability/lateral flexion
Lumbar arteries, veins and nerves

Question 16

Psoas and Iliacus

Answer 16

Psoas may and min originate at lumbar vertebrae & converge to iliopsoas
Iliac originates at iliac fossa
All insert at lesser trochanter femur and function as hip flexors
Arteries and veins - lumbar
Nerves - femoral

Question 17

Abdominal Aorta branches

Answer 17

Midline - CSI - coeliac (T12), sup (L1) and inf mesenteric (L3)
Parietal - lumbar
Visceral - renal and gonadal (L2)
Bifurcates into common iliac vessels at L4/5
Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Question 18

Somatic innervation by nerve plexuses

Answer 18

Lumbar and sacral plexus (right and left respectively)

Question 19

Autonomic innervation

Answer 19

Control of organs, sweat glands, smooth muscle

Splanchnic nerves involved (synapse to postganglionic neurones at specific central ganglia - prevertebral ganglia)

Question 20

Prevertebral ganglia

Answer 20

Anterior to vertebral column and aorta

Greater, lesser and least - synapse at coeliac and aorticorenal ganglion to innervate suprarenal glands

Question 21

Dermatomes

Answer 21

Stomach: felt in skin of dermatomes T5-9
Appendix: T10
Gallbladder: T7-9
With parietal peritoneum involvement: C3, 4