DIT Rapid-Fire Facts Flashcards
Most common cause of neural tube defects
Folate deficiency
Most common cause of congenital malformations
Alcohol use during pregnancy
Most common cause of congenital mental retardation in the US
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, and lens dislocation
Marfan Syndrome
Hereditary Nephritis, Cataracts, and sensorineural hearing loss
Alport Syndrome
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead
Bells Palsy
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis
Horner Syndrome
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain
Senile plaques (Alzheimer Disease)
Drooling farmer
Organophosphate poisoning
Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
Sheehan’s Syndrome
Infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopsia
Prolactinoma
4 most common causes of Cushing Syndrome
- Exogenous cortisol
- Ectopic ACTH
- Cushing Disease (Pituitary adenoma)
- Adrenal adenoma (very rare)
Most common tumor of the adrenal
Benign nonfunctional adrenal adenoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
Pheochromocytoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children
Neuroblastoma
Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal adenoma
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone or Eplerenone
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
Non-selective alpha-blocker (phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine)
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism
MEN2a
Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
MEN2b
Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
Addison’s disease
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)
Most common thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
These are called “Orphan Annie Eye” nuclei. Seen in Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Most common infections seen in chronic granulomatous disease
Staph Aureus, E. Coli, Klebsiella, Aspergillus, Candida
Eczema, recurrent URI, high serum IgE
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (JOB syndrome)
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
Chediak-Higashi disease
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi Sarcoma
Large cells with owl’s eye inclusions
CMV
Treatment for CMV
Ganciclovir
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Drug used to prevent pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
TMP-SMX
Dysphagia, glossitis and iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Hematemesis with retching
Usually Mallory Weiss Tear
Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
Signet-ring cell seen in gastric cancer
Most common type of stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer
Krukenberg tumor
Gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
Painless jaundice
Pancreatic cancer (especially in the head of the pancreas)
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis
Gallstones & Alcohol
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse
Standard treatment for DKA
IV fluids, IV insulin, Potassium replacement
Standard treatment for Type I DM
Insulin + low glycemic diet
Standard treatment for Type II DM
Oral hypoglycemic drugs, possibly insulin, low-sugar diet, weight loss
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac disease
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
Folate
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
Fatty Liver Disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory bodies
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Sever hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Type I Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert Syndrome
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari Syndrome (No JVD)
Green/yellow corneal deposits
Wilson Disease
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson Disease
Cirrhosis, diabetes and hyperpigmentation
Hemochromatosis
Treatment for chronic hepatitis
Interferon Alpha
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
Heparin or Low Molecular Weight Heparin
Preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation
Warfarin
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
Heparin or Low Molecular Weight Heparin
A boy with self-mutilating behavior, mental retardation, and gout
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Elevated Uric Acid levels
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Tumor Lysis syndrome
Loop or thiazide diuretics
Bluish-colored lines on the gingivae
These are Burton’s lines, seen in lead poisoning
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
Thalassemia
Lead poisoning
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (Usually B12 or Folate deficiency)
Skull x-ray shows a “hair-on-end” appearance
Marrow hyperplasia (Beta Thalassemia or sickle cell anemia)
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning
Painful cyanosis of the finger and toes, with hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinins (cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
Red urine in the morning, and fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
Autosplenectomy
Sickle Cell disease
Drug used to treat sickle cell disease
Hydroxyurea
Antiplatelet Antibodies
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Bleeding disorder with gpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier Disease
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
VwF disease
Cancer most commonly associated with a noninfectious fever
Hodgkin Lymphoma
“Smudge cells”
CLL
“Punched out” Lytic lesions
Multiple Myeloma
Sheets of lymphoid cells, with a “Starry sky” appearance
Burkitt Lymphoma
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins
Multiple Myeloma
Monoclonal antibody spike
Multiple Myeloma
MGUS
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
Reddish-Pink rods in the cytoplasma of leukemic blasts
Auer Rods
Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “Owl’s eye inclusions”
Reed Sternberg Cells
Treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
Vitamin D supplementation
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin
Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)
Most common vitamin deficiency in the US
Folate deficiency
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 or folate deficiency)
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency
Wet Beriberi sx include the cardiomyopathy and edema
Dry Beriberi sx include the polyneuropathy
Most common cancer of the appendix
Carcinoid tumor
Most common surgical emergency
Appendicitis
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
Severe right lower quadrant pain with rebound tenderness
Appendicitis (this is McBurney’s sign)
“Apple core” lesion on barium enema
Colon cancer
Most common site of colonic diverticula
Sigmoid colon
“string sign” on contrast x-ray
Crohn’s disease
“lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast x-ray
Ulcerative colitis
Food poisoning due to exotoxin
Staph Aureus or Bacillus Cereus
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in an HIV patient
Toxoplasma Gondii
Treatment for Trichomonas Vaginalis
Metronidazole
Most common protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
Most common helminth infection in the US
Enterobius Vermicularis
Second most common helminth infection in the US
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus
Kartagener Syndrome
Elevated D-dimer
DVT +/- Pulmonary embolism
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
Virchow’s Triad
Blue bloater
Chronic Bronchitis (Hypoxemia, hypercapnia)
Pink puffer
Emphysema (dyspnea, hyperventilation)
Curschmann’s spirals
Shed epithelium from mucus plugs that occur in asthma
Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
COPD
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis
Wegeners Granulomatosis or Goodpastures disease
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpastures disease
Honeycomb lung on x-ray
Interstitial fibrosis
“Tennis Racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules (Histiocytosis X)
Most common causes of nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. Coli, Pseudomonas
Lung cancer associated with SIADH
Small cell lung cancer
Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies -> Asbestos
Most common bacteria implicated in exotoxin-mediated food poisonings
Staph Aureus & Bacillus Cereus
Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
Calcified granuloma in the lung, plus hilar lymphadenopathy
Ghon complex
Back pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss
Pott’s disease (vertebral TB infection)
Standard treatment regimen for TB
"RIPE" Rifampin Isoniazid (with B6) Pyrazinamide Ethambutol
Standard treatment for T. Pallidum
Penicillin G
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
A non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Chancre of primary Syphilis
Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
Condylomata lata of secondary Syphilis
Large bull’s-eye rash
Erythema Chronicum Migrans seen in Lyme disease
Continuous machinery-like heart murmur
Patent ductus arteriosus
“Boot-shaped heart”
Adult: Right ventricular hypertrophy
Child: Tetralogy of Fallot
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
Ventricular septal defect
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
Cor pulmonale
Right heart failure due to pulmonary disease
Nutmeg liver
Passive congestion due to right heart failure or Budd-chiari syndrome
Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
Aortic regurgitation
Most common congenital heart murmur
Mitral valve prolapse
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and a persistent fever occuring several weeks after an MI
Dressler Syndrome
Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails
Bacterial endocarditis
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots
Heart valve most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral valve
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with bacterial endocarditis
Tricuspid valve
Granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies in Rheumatic heart disease
Most common cardiac tumor in adults
Metastasis is the most common cardiac tumor in adults but Left atrial myxoma is the most common primary tumor in adults
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
United States = Lupus
Developing countries = TB
Cold, pale, painful digits
Raynaud Phenomenon
c-ANCA
Wegeners granulomatosis (Granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
p-ANCA
Microscopic polyangiitis & Churg-Strauss
Treatment for Buergers disease
Stop smoking
Treatment for Temporal (Giant cell) arteritis
High-dose steroids
“worst headache of my life”
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Lucid interval following head trauma
Epidural hematoma
Bloody CSF on LP
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
Rupture of the bridging veins
Most common cause of epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
Tow extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
Positive babinski sign (Up going reflex)
Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, and a positive babinski sign
Upper motor neuron lesion
Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, and muscle atrophy
Lower motor neuron lesion
Depigmentation of the substantia nigra
Parkinsons disease
Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
Huntingtons disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy bodies (seen in Parkinsons and Lewy Body Disease)
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
Internuclear opthalmoplegia
Degeneration of the dorsal columns
Tabes Dorsalis (seen in tertiary Syphilis)
Demyelinating disease in a young woman
Multiple Sclerosis
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
ALS
Newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor
Erb-Duchenne Palsy (Damage to superior roots of brachial plexus)
Bone enlargement, bone pain, and arthritis
Paget disease of the bone
Vertebral compression fractures
Osteoporosis
Most common cause of hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal failure
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
Accidental parathyroidectomy
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek
Chvostek’s sign
Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN I
Positive anterior drawer sign
Torn ACL
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
Podagra (Gout)
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis (Because the joints are hard)
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes
Sjogren syndrome
Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
Pseudogout
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
Gout
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath
Osteoarthritis
Bamboo spine on X-ray
Ankylosing Spondylitis
HLA-B27
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies "PAIR" Psoriatic Arthritis Ankylosing Spondylitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Anti-smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies
Drug-induced lupus
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST Scleroderma
Anti-Topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse Scleroderma
Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman
Lupus
Most common cause of death in SLE
Lupus nephritis
Most common cardiac manifestation of SLE
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Saquamous cell carcinoma
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients
Fluconazole
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients
TMP-SMX
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii
Oral Potassium iodide
or
Itraconazole
Treatment for oral candidiasis
Nystatin
Or
Fluconazole
Treatment for systemic candidiasis
Amphotericin B
Pupil that accommodates but does not react to light
Argyll-Robertson Pupil (Due to neurosyphilis)
Most common medication for ADHD
Methylphenidate
Most common medication for bulimia nervosa
SSRI
Medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepines
Most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
Alcoholics anonymous
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke Encephalopathy
Most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer disease
Second most common cause of dementia
Multi-infarct dementia
Extracellular amyloid deposits in the grey matter
Senile plaques in Alzheimer disease
Intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease)
Intracellular sperical aggregates of tau protein, see on silver stain
Pick bodies seen in Pick disease
Treatment for central DI
Desmopressin
Treatment for nephrogenic DI
Hydrochlorothiazide, Indomethacin, Amiloride
Treatmetn for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
Amiloride
Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules
Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary vasculitis
Wegener’s Granulomatosis
Red cell casts
Acute glomerulonephritis
Waxy casts
Advanced renal disease/Chronic renal failure
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis
Most common renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma
Most common type of renal stone
Calcium stone
Type of renal stone associated with proteus vulgaris
Struvite stone (Ammonium magnesium phosphate) - Can form Staghorn calculi
Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
Most common bacteria in a patient with Struvite kidney stones
Proteus (also Staph)
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi Sarcoma (HHV-8)
Temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1 Encephalitis
Owl’s eye inclusions in monocytes
CMV infection
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
Type A Cowdry bodies (HSV & CMV)
Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient
Parvovirus B19
Child with a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on the face that spreads to his body
Fifth disease (Parvovirus B19)
Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash
Measles (Rubeola)
Small irregular blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red
Koplik spots (Measles)
Most common etiology of nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. Coli, Pseudomonas
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in neonates
Group B strep (Followed by E. Coli and then Listeria)
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in children
Strep pneumoniae (Followed by Neisseria meningitidis)
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in adults
Strep pneumoniae (Followed by Neisseria meningitidis)
Osteomyelitis in an IV drug user
Staph aureus or Pseudomonas (Staph is overall the most common but they might be hinting at Pseudomonas with the IV drug abuse)
Osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient
Salmonella (Staph is actually still more common but salmonella is particularly common in sickle cell patients)
Most common reportable STD
Chlamydia
Non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Primary Syphillis
Painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion, with exudate
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells on a wet prep of vaginal discharge
Clue cells (Bacterial vaginosis)
Common treatment for Syphillis
Penicillin
Common treatment for Trichomonas
Metronidazole
Common treatment for Chlamydia
Doxycycline or Azithromycin
Common treatment for gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone (usually treat Chlamydia also due to common co-infection. Thus Ceftriaxone + Doxycycline or Azithromycin)
Most common cancer in men
Prostate cancer
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
Most common treatment for erectile dysfunction
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Sildenafil)
Dysplastic cervical cells, with enlarged dark nuclei
Koilocyte
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
Most common tumor in women
Leiomyoma
Most common gynecologic malignancy in the US
Endometrial carcinoma
Most common gynegologic malignancy worldwide
Cervical cancer
Chocolate cyst of the ovary
Endometriosis
Most common benign ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenoma
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (Granulosa-Theca cell tumor)
Increased AFP on amniocentesis
Neural tube defects, anencephaly, incorrect pregnancy dating
Most common genetic cause of mental retardation
Down syndrome
Second most common genetic cause of mental retardation
Fragile-X syndrome
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome
Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput, small jaw
Trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome)
Most common cancer in women in the US
Breast cancer
Most common benign breast tumor
Fibroadenoma
Most common malignant breast tumor
Infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma
Blue dome cyst in the breast
Fibrocystic change
Treatment for ER(+) breast cancer
Tamoxifen
Red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nipple
Paget disease of the breast
