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High Yield > Diarrheals > Flashcards

Diarrheals Flashcards

1
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica: Transmission

A

Fecal oral route by contamination of food or water with infective cysts

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2
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica: Clinical disease

A

Commonly asymptomatic (carrier state). Acute disease it can present as severe dysentery with numerous small stools containing blood, mucous and shreds of necrotic mucosa. Disseminated infections occur when not detected early. Primarily spreads to the liver (lung and brain possible) and is more common in immunocompromised host

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3
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica: Morphology (shape, # of nuclei, #of flagella, cytoplasmic appearance)

A

Trophozoites have ameboid shape, ground glass cytoplasm, a solitary nucleus, no flagella and often RBC inclusion bodies. Cysts are spherical with 1-4 nuclei and might contain chromatoid bodies (sausage shaped)

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4
Q

RBC inclusion bodies are often seen in what organsim

A

Entamoeba Histolytica

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5
Q

Acanthamoeba: Transmission

A

Direct contact (as with the contact lense epidemic) or inhalation

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6
Q

Acanthamoeba: Clinical disease

A

Immunocompromised: More common, causes pneumonitis (lung inflammation), dermal ulceration, and slowly progressive but fatal encephalitis. Healthy individuals: Can cause ulcerative keratitis (eats the cornea) resulting from contaminated contact lenses.

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7
Q

This organism was responsible for the keratitis outbreak in schools after kids started sharing their color contacts

A

Acanthamoeba

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8
Q

Naegleria fowleri: Transmission

A

Swimming in warm bodies of fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, rivers, and hot springs. Enters brain via olfactory route (cribriform plate)

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9
Q

Naegleria fowleri: Clinical disease

A

Affects healthy and immunocompromised individuals by causing primary amebic meningoencephalitis, a rapidly progressing and almost invariably fatal disease (the case fatality rate is estimated at 98%)

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10
Q

Infection with this organsim almost always results in death (98% mortality rate)

A

Naegleria fowleri

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11
Q

Giardia Lamblia: Transmission

A

Ingestion of infected water or by anal/oral sexual contact

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12
Q

Giardia Lamblia: Clinical disease

A

Trophozoites coat villi of small intestine, interfering with the absorption of fat, and fat soluble nutrients such as vitamin B12, carotene, and folate. Symptoms: epigastric pain and non-bloody diarrhea (steatorrhea)

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13
Q

Giardia Lamblia: Morphology (shape, # of nuclei, #of flagella, cytoplasmic appearance)

A

Trophozoite is pear shaped with sucking disk, 2 nuclei that resmble eyes and 4 pairs of flagella. Cyst is football shaped with 2-4 nuclei and axonemes

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14
Q

Infection with which organism is the most common (in the USA) of the intestinal protozoan infections

A

Giardia Lamblia

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15
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Transmission

A

Sexual contact, contaminated towels, wash cloths, and clothing (can survive on fomites up to 24 hours)

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16
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Clinical disease

A

Trophozoites feed on the mucosal surface of the vagina resulting in inflammation, vaginal irritation, burning, and purulent discharge. Infection in males may be asymptomatic and harder to detect. Prostatic inflammation is most common symptom

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17
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Morphology (shape, # of nuclei, #of flagella, cytoplasmic appearance)

A

Trophozoite is oval or pear shaped with 1 nucleus. Has 4 flagella, and a characteristic undulating membrane. Its axoneme appears to protrude from the posterior but is actually covered by membrane

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18
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum: Transmission

A

Ingestion of infected water or by anal/oral sexual contact

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19
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum: Clinical disease

A

Immunocompromised: An opportunistic infection seen in AIDS patients that causes chronic life threatening infection with profuse watery diarrhea. Immunocompetent: Profuse watery diarrhea that is self-limiting.

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20
Q

This organism is acid fast and resistant to chlorination

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

21
Q

This organism is similar to Cryptosporidium parvum except its larger. It is also acid fast.

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis

22
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis: Transmission

A

Contaminated fruit

23
Q

Which three infection-causing protozoans of the GI tract are acid fast

A

Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli

24
Q

Isospora belli: Clinical disease

A

Similar to Cryptosporidium. Causes acute, non-bloody diarrhea with crampy abdominal pain, which can last for weeks and result in malabsorption and weight loss. In immunodepressed patients, and in infants and children, the diarrhea can be severe.

25
Q

This organsim is the only known ciliate to cause human disease and has a major reservoir in swine

A

Balantidium coli

26
Q

This organism is similar to Entamoeba Histolytica except for what difference

A

Balantidium coli except it very rarely invades beyond the gut wall (no disseminated infection)

27
Q

Watery (no blood or mucous) diarrhea sans fever and minimal local inflammatory response occuring 1-8 hrs after ingestion of contaminated food is caused by what two organisms [and is it pre-formed toxin, toxin, or organism mediated]

A

Bacillus Cereus or Staph Aureus [Pre-formed toxin]

28
Q

Watery (no blood or mucous) diarrhea sans fever and minimal local inflammatory response occuring 18-36 hrs after ingestion of contaminated food is caused by what four organisms [and is it pre-formed toxin, toxin, or organism mediated]

A

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli, Vibrio cholera, Clostridium Perfingens, or Bacillus Cereus [Toxin produced in GI tract]

29
Q

Dysentery and fever occuring 2-4 days after ingestion of contaminated food is caused by what four organisms [and is it pre-formed toxin, toxin, or organism mediated]

A

Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, or Enteroinvasive E. Coli

30
Q

Various GI symptoms occuring 7-10 days after ingestion of contaminated food is caused by what three organisms [and is it pre-formed toxin, toxin, or organism mediated]

A

Giardia, Cryptosporidium, or Entamoeba

31
Q

How does cholera toxin work

A

It migrates across membrane of small bowel mucosa cell to stimulate adenylate cyclase which stimulates cyclic AMP which stimulates secretion of electrolytes into bowel lumen

32
Q

Which 5 organisms cause dysentery (partially invade gut)

A

Shigella, Campylobacter Jejuni, Clostridium difficile, Invasive E. Coli, and Entamoeba Histolytica

33
Q

Which 2 bacteria fully invade the gut

A

Salmonella typhi and Yersinia

34
Q

This diarrhea-causing organism is an aerobic, curved gram-negative rod. Infection is associated with salt water exposure

A

Vibrio cholera

35
Q

This diarrhea-causing organism is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhea

A

Campylobacter jejuni

36
Q

This diarrhea-causing organism is a microaerobic, curved gram-negative rod. Infection is associated with chickens and unpasteurized milk

A

Campylobacter jejuni

37
Q

This diarrhea-causing organism is a non-spore-forming aerobic gram negative rod. Infection is associated with chickens, turkeys, cows, pigs, pets, and unpasteurized milk

A

Salmonella

38
Q

This kind of E. Coli causes watery diarrhea in travellers

A

Enterotoxigenic (or enteroaggregative)

39
Q

This kind of E. Coli causes watery diarrhea in children

A

Enteropathogenic (or enteroaggregative)

40
Q

This kind of E. Coli causes febrile severe diarrhea particularly in developing cultures

A

Enteroinvasive

41
Q

This kind of E. Coli causes afebrile, gross blood, associated with hemolytic/uremic syndrome

A

Enterohemorrhagic

42
Q

What Diarrhea-causing virus is a Reovirus (segmented double stranded RNA, icosahedral virion, double capsid, and no envelope)

A

Rotavirus

43
Q

What Diarrhea-causing virus is a Calicivirus (positive sense single stranded RNA, icosahedral virion with no envelope)

A

Norovirus

44
Q

What is the incubation period of Rotavirus

A

24-72 hours

45
Q

This virus is icosahedral, lacks an envelope, and has linear double-stranded DNA genome

A

Adenovirus

46
Q

Which Serotypes of the Adenovirus cause acute viral gastroenteritis in infancts that is often associated with concurrent respiratory tract infection

A

40, 41, and 42

47
Q

What is the incubation period of Norovirus

A

6-24 hours

48
Q

Who does Rotavirus usually infect

A

1 cause of fatal diarrhea in Infants (less than 2 yrs)

49
Q

Who does Norovirus usually infect

A

School age children and adults

High Yield (34 decks)

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