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ph 107 - pharmaceutical dosage forms, drug delivery systems, and medical devices (lec.) > Dispersed System > Flashcards

Dispersed System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Study of flow characteristics

A

Rheology

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2
Q

System that contains substance distributed and vehicle

A

Dispersed system

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3
Q

3 classification of dispersion

A

Coarse dispersion, Fine dispersion, Colloids

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4
Q

Particles usually 10-50 um in size

A

Coarse dispersion

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5
Q

Particle size is 0.5-10 um

A

Fine dispersion

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6
Q

Particles are in colloidal range (1 nm-0.5 um)

A

Colloids

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7
Q

A coarse dispersion of finely divided drug particles called suspensoid distributed uniformly throughout a vehicle

A

Suspension

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8
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Mylanta, Riopan, Maalox, Gaviscon

A

Antacids

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9
Q

Example of oral suspension which include Antiminth and Mintezol

A

Anthelmintics

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10
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Chloromycetin and Ilosone

A

Antibacterial (Antibiotics)

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11
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Mandelamine, Bactrim, Septra Gantanol, and Gantrisin

A

Antibacterial (Non-antibiotic anti-infectives)

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12
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Mysoline

A

Anticonvulsants

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13
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Pepto-Bismol liquid

A

Antidiarrheal

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14
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Mylicone

A

Antiflatulent

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15
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Nystatin and Grifulvin

A

Antifungals

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16
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Aldomet

A

Antihypertensive

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17
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Vistaril and Mellaril-S

A

Antipsychotics, Sedatives, Antiemetic

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18
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Diuril

A

Diuretic

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19
Q

Example of oral suspension which includes Indocin

A

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory

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20
Q

Counteracts the effects of gastric hyperacidity

A

Antacid oral suspension

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21
Q

Includes preparations of antibiotic substances

A

Antibacterial oral suspension

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22
Q

Assist in the suspension of the dispersed phase

A

Suspending agents

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23
Q

Increase the viscosity of water by binding water molecules

A

Hydrophilic colloids

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24
Q

Silicates that are anionic in aqueous dispersion; exhibit thixotrophy

A

Clays

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25
Q

Semisolid preparation made up of small inorganic and large organic matter interpenetrated by liquid

A

Gels

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26
Q

Are a combination of mineral oils and heavy hydrocarbon waxes with a molecular weight of about 1300

A

Jelene/Plastibase

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27
Q

Are gels in which the structural content matrix contains a high proportion of liquid, usually water

A

Jellies

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28
Q

Taking up a certain amount of liquid without increase in volume

A

Inbibition

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29
Q

Taking up of liquid by a gel with an increase in volume

A

Swelling

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30
Q

The dispersing medium is squeezed out in droplets and the gel shrinks

A

Syneresis

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31
Q

Reversible-gel-sol formation with no change in volume/temperature

A

Thixotrophy

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32
Q

Liquid is removed from a gel and only the framework remains

A

Xerogel

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33
Q

2 general classification of gels

A

Inorganic hydrogels, Organic gels

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34
Q

Has two phase system such as aluminum hydroxide gel and bentonite magma

A

Inorganic hydrogels

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35
Q

Has a single phase system and include gelling agents such as carbomer and tragacanth

A

Organic gels

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36
Q

Are gels that have ingredients that are dispersible as colloidals or soluble in water

A

Hydrogels

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37
Q

Are gels that have hydrocarbons, animal and vegetable fats, soap base greases, and the hydrophilic organogels

A

Organogels

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38
Q

Are liquid suspensions intended for external application

A

Lotion

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39
Q

2 ways of preparing lotions

A

Trituration, Chemical reaction

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40
Q

Mortar used for unstainable substance

A

Porcelain mortar

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41
Q

Mortar used for stainable substance

A

Glass mortar

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42
Q

Are suspensions containing bigger particles as compared to gels and lotions

A

Magmas/Milk

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43
Q

3 types of suspensions

A

Gels, Lotions, Magmas

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44
Q

2 ways of preparing magmas

A

Hydration, Chemical reaction

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45
Q

Is made by reacting bismuth subnitrate with nitric acid and ammonium carbonate with ammonium solution

A

Milk of bismuth

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46
Q

Are pressured dosage forms containing one or more active ingredients upon actuation emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials in gaseous medium

A

Aerosols

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47
Q

4 factors which will render an aerosol effective

A

Amount of propellant, Valve assembly, Container, Particle size

48
Q

Commonly used referring to the aerosol container or completed product

A

Pressurized package

49
Q

Aerosols used to provide an airborne mist

A

Space sprays

50
Q

Aerosols intended to carry active ingredient to a surface

A

Surface sprays or surface coatings

51
Q

2 main components of aerosols

A

Product concentrate, Propellant

52
Q

Is the active ingredient of the aerosol combined with the required adjuncts

A

Product concentrate

53
Q

Is a liquified gas or a mixture of liquefied gases

A

Propellant

54
Q

Usually operate at pressures between 30-40 psig at 70°F and may contain as much as 85% propellant

A

Space aerosols

55
Q

Commonly contain 30-70% propellant with pressure between 25-55 psig at 70°F

A

Surface aerosols

56
Q

Usually operate between 35-55 pig at 70°F and may contain only 6-10% propellant

A

Foam aerosols

57
Q

Used to permit the expulsion of the contents of the can in the desired form

A

Valve assembly

58
Q

Button which the user presses to activate the valve assembly for the emission of the product (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Actuator

59
Q

Supports the actuator and delivers the formulation in the proper form to the chamber of the actuator (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Stem

60
Q

Placed snugly with the stem, serves to prevent leakage of the formulation when the valve is in closed position (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Gasket

61
Q

Holds the gasket in place and also is the mechanism by which the actuator retracts when pressure is released (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Spring

62
Q

Attached to the aerosol can or container; serves to hold the valve in place (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Mounting cup

63
Q

Located directly below the mounting cap; serves as the link between the dip tube and the stem and actuator (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Housing

64
Q

Extended from the housing down into the product; serves to bring the formulation from the container to the valve (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Dip tube

65
Q

Inhaler where each metered dose is delivered through the mouthpiece upon actuation of the aerosol unit’s valve

A

Metered dose inhalers (MDIs)

66
Q

Permits a patient to spray droplets onto or under the tongue for acute relief of an attack of angina pectoris

A

Nitrolingual spray

67
Q

Contains pramoxine hydrochloride and used to relieve inflammatory anorectal disorder

A

Proctofoam

68
Q

Commercially available containing estrogenic substances and contraceptive agents

A

Aerosol forms

69
Q

Meaning of emulgio

A

To milk out

70
Q

A dispersion where the dispersed phase is distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immiscible

A

Emulsions

71
Q

Type of emulsion that has oleaginous internal phase and aqueous external phase

A

Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions

72
Q

Type of emulsion that has aqueous internal phase and oleaginous external phase

A

Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions

73
Q

3rd component present in emulsions

A

Emulsifying agent

74
Q

Phase which contains water-soluble drug preservatives, coloring, and flavoring agents

A

Aqueous phase

75
Q

Phase which contains fixed/volatile oils

A

Oil phase

76
Q

Added to prevent autooxidation of the oil and rancidity or destruction of any vitamin present

A

Antioxidant

77
Q

3 phases of emulsion

A

Internal, External, Emulsifying agent

78
Q

Discontinuous or dispersed phase

A

Internal phase

79
Q

Continuous or dispersing phase; is in larger amounts

A

External phase

80
Q

5 types of emulsion

A

O/W, W/O, Multiple emulsion, Macroemulsion, Microemulsion

81
Q

Most stable emulsion; are isotropic mixtures of a biphasic oil-water system stabilized by surfactants

A

Microemulsion

82
Q

4 theories of emulsification

A

Surface tension, Oriented-wedge, Plastic/Internal film, Viscosity

83
Q

Theory that states that exposed surface of liquid tends to contract

A

Surface tension theory

84
Q

Theory that states that emulsifying agents orient themselves about and within a liquid according to their solubility in that liquid

A

Oriented-wedge theory

85
Q

Theory that states that emulsions have emulsifying agent (surrounds the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer) and film (prevents the contact and coalescence of the dispersed phase)

A

Plastic/Internal film theory

86
Q

Theory that states that viscosity of an emulsion aids emulsification by the mechanical hindrance to coalescence of the globules

A

Viscosity theory

87
Q

Lowers the interfacial tension and forms a film at the interphase

A

Emulsifying agent

88
Q

Includes carbohydrates (acacia, tragacanth, agar, chondrus, and pectin) and proteins (gelatin, egg yolk, casein)

A

Natural emulsifying agent

89
Q

Includes anionic, cationic, nonionic, finely divided solids, and high molecular weight alcohols

A

Synthetic emulsifying agent

90
Q

Includes H2SO4 esters, sulfonic acid derivatives, soaps, and triethanolamine oleate

A

Anionic

91
Q

Used as surface-active agents in 1% conc.; are incompatible with soaps

A

Cationic

92
Q

Includes sorbitan esters (span) and polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate

A

Nonionic

93
Q

Forms O/W emulsions when the insoluble material is added to the aqueous phase; includes colloidal clays

A

Finely divided solids

94
Q

Are thickening and stabilizing agents for O/W emulsions; includes stearyl alcohol

A

High molecular weight alcohols

95
Q

2 portions of emulsifying agents

A

Hydrophilic portion, Lipophilic portion

96
Q

Indicates the substance polarity

A

Hydrophilic-lipophilic value

97
Q

4 methods of preparation of emulsions

A

English/Wet gum method, Continental/Dry gum method, Forbes/Bottle method, Nascent soap/In situ soap method

98
Q

Method of making a mucilage (acacia + water) then adding oil slowly

A

English/Wet gum method

99
Q

Method of adding oil to acacia then water is added all at once

A

Continental/Dry gum method

100
Q

Variation of dry gum method for volatile oil; oleaginous substance of low viscosity

A

Forbes/Bottle method

101
Q

Method where soap is formed (oil + aq soln with alkali)

A

Nascent soap/In situ soap method

102
Q

Method where wet gum/dry gum method are increased in quality by passing it through a hand homogenizer

A

Auxiliary method

103
Q

Method where the emulsifier is the product of reaction between the vegetable of higher fatty acid and lime water

A

In situ soap method

104
Q

Soaps with w/o emulsions containing certain vegetable oil with lime water prepared by mixing oil and lime water

A

Calcium soaps

104
Q

2 types of soap

A

Calcium soaps, Soft soaps

105
Q

3 examples of emulsions

A

Turpentine oil, Liquid petroleum, Cod liver oil

106
Q

Emulsion which is a laxative with empty stomach

A

Cod liver oil emulsion

107
Q

Joining together of globules to form large lumps/floccules rising and settling more rapidly than the individual particles

A

Flocculation

108
Q

Rising/upward and settling/downward of globules/floccules forming a concentrated layer at the surface/to the bottom

A

Creaming

109
Q

Irreversible processes; coalescence of globules of internal phase and subsequent breaking/cracking of emulsion

A

Coalescence and breaking

110
Q

3 microorganisms that bring about decomposition and contamination

A

Molds, Yeast, Bacteria

111
Q

Affect the color and the odor of oils and destroy their vitamin content

A

Light and rancidity

112
Q

4 methods in identifying emulsions

A

Dilution method, Fluorescence test, Dye solubility test, Conductivity test

113
Q

Method of adding water: W/O forms another phase, O/W homogenous

A

Dilution method

114
Q

Method that uses UV light; oil has property to absorb UV light, (+) for W/O

A

Fluorescence test

115
Q

Method that uses Amaranth green dye (water soluble dye; O/W homogenous) and Sudan red dye (oil soluble dye; W/O homogenous)

A

Dye solubility test

116
Q

Method where O/W conducts electricity

A

Conductivity test

ph 107 - pharmaceutical dosage forms, drug delivery systems, and medical devices (lec.) (7 decks)

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