Disorders of development and growth

Question 1

congenital

Answer 1

present at birth (not necessarily genetic eg club foot)

Question 2

inherited

Answer 2

Caused by an inherited genetic abnormality

Question 3

Chromosomal abnormality example

Answer 3

Down Syndrome, trisomy 21

Question 4

Mendelian inheritance

Answer 4

Single gene problems

Question 5

What is cystic fibrosis an example of?

Answer 5

Autosomal recessive conditon

Question 6

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 6

Variation in many genes

Question 7

Acquired

Answer 7

Caused by non-genetic environmental factors

Question 8

Hypertrophy

Answer 8

increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in size of the constituent cells

Question 9

Hyperplasia

Answer 9

Increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in number of the constituent cells

Question 10

What are common examples of conditions with hyperplasia

Answer 10

Benign prostatic hyperplasia, endometrial hyperplasia (too much oestrogen in relation to progesterone causing excessive division in endothelia of endometrium), neuronal hyperplasia

Question 11

Atrophy

Answer 11

Decrease in size of a tissue caused by a decrease in number of the constituent cells or a decrease in their size

Question 12

Examples of atrophy

Answer 12

Dementia (cerebral atrophy), optic nerve atrophy, muscle atrophy

Question 13

Metaplasia

Answer 13

Change in differentiation of a cell from one fully-differentiated type to a fully-differentiated type

Question 14

Examples of metaplasia

Answer 14

In respiratory tract, ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium (eg Barrett’s disease). Become more prone to infections

Question 15

Dysplasia

Answer 15

Imprecise term for the morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer (disordered growth)