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Pathology > Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations

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2
Q

Oncogenesis

A

Benign and malignant tumours

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3
Q

Is carcinogenesis a uni-step or multistep process?

A

multistep

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4
Q

Carcinogens are

A

agents known or suspected to cause tumours

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5
Q

Oncogenic agents are

A

tumour causing

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6
Q

Carcinogenic agents are

A

cancer causing

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7
Q

Agents that act on DNA are…

A

mutagenic

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8
Q

85% of cancer risk is e_____

A

environmental

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9
Q

What is the latent interval?

A

Time between exposure to carcinogenic agent and developing cancer

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10
Q

What is thorotrast?

A

Colloidal suspension of thorium, radioactive used as a trace. Long half life. Irreversibly ingested by phagocytes, particularly Kupffer cells. Emits alpha particles, leads to angiosarcoma in liver.

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11
Q

Classes of carcinogens

A

Chemical,
Viral,
Ionising and non-ionising radiation,
Hormones, parasites and mycotoxins,
Miscalleneous

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12
Q

Most chemical carcinogens require metabolic conversion from pro-carcinogens to u____ carcinogens

A

ultimate

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13
Q

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can cause what type of cancer?

A

Lung cancer and skin cancer (from smoking and mineral oils)

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14
Q

Aromatic amines can cause what cancer?

A

Bladder cancer (rubber/dye workers)

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15
Q

Nitrosamines can cause what cancer

A

Gut cancer (proven in animals)

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16
Q

Alkylating agents can cause what cancer?

A

Leukaemia (used in chemotherapy, small risk in humans)

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17
Q

Viruses cause approx. ___% of all cancers

A

10-15%

18
Q

Most cancer causing viruses are ___ based

A

DNA (rather than RNA)

19
Q

Human Herpes Virus (HHV8) is associated with

A

Kaposi sarcoma

20
Q

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with

A

Burkitt lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

21
Q

Hepatitis B Virus (BHV)

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

22
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

Squamous cells carcinomas of the cervix, penis, anus, head and neck

23
Q

Merkle cell polyomavirus (MCV)

A

Merkle cell carcinoma (neuro-receptors in skin)

24
Q

The RNA virus HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotrophic virus)

A

Adult t-cell leukemia

25
Q

The RNA virus HCV (hepatitis C virus)

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

26
Q

UV light (UVA or UVB) increases risk of…

A

BCC, melanoma, SCC (skin cancers)

27
Q

What conditions increases risk of cancer from UV light?

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

28
Q

X-rays and gamma rays are i____ radiation

A

ionising

29
Q

True or false, oestrogen can increase risk of cancer?

A

True (increased oestrogen leads to increased mammary/endometrial cancer)

30
Q

Anabolic steroids leads to increased risk of…

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

31
Q

Mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1 increases risk of…

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

32
Q

Parasite chloronorchis sinensis

A

Cholangiocarinoma

33
Q

Shistosoma parasite can cause what kind of cancer?

A

Bladder cancer

34
Q

Asbestos and certain m___ are miscellaneous carcinogens

A

metals

35
Q

There is decreased ____ cancer in those with darker skin (melanin)

A

skin

36
Q

There is increased o___ c____ in India and south east Asia due to reverse smoking and betal chewing

A

oral cancer

37
Q

Excess alcohol use increase risk of cancers of the…

A

mouth, oesophagus, liver, colon and breast

38
Q

Exercise reduces risk of c___ and b____ cancer

A

colon, breast

39
Q

What increases risk of HPV-related cancer?

A

Unprotected sex

40
Q
A

Pathology (16 decks)

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