Carcinogenesis

Question 1

Carcinogenesis

Answer 1

The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations

Question 2

Oncogenesis

Answer 2

Benign and malignant tumours

Question 3

Is carcinogenesis a uni-step or multistep process?

Answer 3

multistep

Question 4

Carcinogens are

Answer 4

agents known or suspected to cause tumours

Question 5

Oncogenic agents are

Answer 5

tumour causing

Question 6

Carcinogenic agents are

Answer 6

cancer causing

Question 7

Agents that act on DNA are…

Answer 7

mutagenic

Question 8

85% of cancer risk is e_____

Answer 8

environmental

Question 9

What is the latent interval?

Answer 9

Time between exposure to carcinogenic agent and developing cancer

Question 10

What is thorotrast?

Answer 10

Colloidal suspension of thorium, radioactive used as a trace. Long half life. Irreversibly ingested by phagocytes, particularly Kupffer cells. Emits alpha particles, leads to angiosarcoma in liver.

Question 11

Classes of carcinogens

Answer 11

Chemical,
Viral,
Ionising and non-ionising radiation,
Hormones, parasites and mycotoxins,
Miscalleneous

Question 12

Most chemical carcinogens require metabolic conversion from pro-carcinogens to u____ carcinogens

Answer 12

ultimate

Question 13

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can cause what type of cancer?

Answer 13

Lung cancer and skin cancer (from smoking and mineral oils)

Question 14

Aromatic amines can cause what cancer?

Answer 14

Bladder cancer (rubber/dye workers)

Question 15

Nitrosamines can cause what cancer

Answer 15

Gut cancer (proven in animals)

Question 16

Alkylating agents can cause what cancer?

Answer 16

Leukaemia (used in chemotherapy, small risk in humans)

Question 17

Viruses cause approx. ___% of all cancers

Answer 17

10-15%

Question 18

Most cancer causing viruses are ___ based

Answer 18

DNA (rather than RNA)

Question 19

Human Herpes Virus (HHV8) is associated with

Answer 19

Kaposi sarcoma

Question 20

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with

Answer 20

Burkitt lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Question 21

Hepatitis B Virus (BHV)

Answer 21

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 22

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Answer 22

Squamous cells carcinomas of the cervix, penis, anus, head and neck

Question 23

Merkle cell polyomavirus (MCV)

Answer 23

Merkle cell carcinoma (neuro-receptors in skin)

Question 24

The RNA virus HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotrophic virus)

Answer 24

Adult t-cell leukemia

Question 25

The RNA virus HCV (hepatitis C virus)

Answer 25

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 26

UV light (UVA or UVB) increases risk of...

Answer 26

BCC, melanoma, SCC (skin cancers)

Question 27

What conditions increases risk of cancer from UV light?

Answer 27

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Question 28

X-rays and gamma rays are i____ radiation

Answer 28

ionising

Question 29

True or false, oestrogen can increase risk of cancer?

Answer 29

True (increased oestrogen leads to increased mammary/endometrial cancer)

Question 30

Anabolic steroids leads to increased risk of...

Answer 30

hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 31

Mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1 increases risk of...

Answer 31

hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 32

Parasite chloronorchis sinensis

Answer 32

Cholangiocarinoma

Question 33

Shistosoma parasite can cause what kind of cancer?

Answer 33

Bladder cancer

Question 34

Asbestos and certain m___ are miscellaneous carcinogens

Answer 34

metals

Question 35

There is decreased ____ cancer in those with darker skin (melanin)

Answer 35

skin

Question 36

There is increased o___ c____ in India and south east Asia due to reverse smoking and betal chewing

Answer 36

oral cancer

Question 37

Excess alcohol use increase risk of cancers of the...

Answer 37

mouth, oesophagus, liver, colon and breast

Question 38

Exercise reduces risk of c___ and b____ cancer

Answer 38

colon, breast

Question 39

What increases risk of HPV-related cancer?

Answer 39

Unprotected sex