Digestive System

Question 1

Where does digestion begin?

Answer 1

Mouth

Question 2

What is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 2

break down food for absorption and distribution of nutrients to the rest of the body

Question 3

Recite how food is digested

Answer 3

1. food is ingested through the mouth where mechanical digestion begins
2. Mechanical digestion is any physical breakdown of food–by chewing and grinding food in mouth: Food breaks down into smaller pieces → increases the surface area. Mucus in saliva lubricates the food. Provides the enzymes amylase and lipase. Initiate chemical digestion of starch and lipids
3. Chemical digestion is the process where enzymes break down food particles into simple chemicals that can be used by the body
4. Next, food is packaged into small parcels called a “bolus” and swallowed (deglutition)
5. As the bolus passes through the pharynx, the epiglottis closes the tracheal opening so that food does not enter the respiratory system, and the food passes into the esophagus
6. Peristalsis, which is the contractions of muscle, moves the bolus through the gastric sphincter to the stomach.
7. Once in the stomach, digestion continues. The stomach is a sac made up of smooth muscles. Stomach muscle contractions mechanically break down food even further and mix with secretions to form a substance called “chyme.”
   8.Next, the chyme is pushed into the small intestine
8. Duodenum: chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions
9. The digested material then passes into the cecum and into the large intestine or colon
10. The waste from the small intestine is exposed to bacterial fermentation in the colon

Question 4

What are the three secretions of the stomach?

Answer 4

mucus (lines the stomach), hydrochloric acid (creates the acidic environment), Pepsinogen (converted into pepsin)

Question 5

What is pepsin?

Answer 5

an enzyme that helps chemically digest proteins in this acidic environment

Question 6

What hormones are involved in digestion?

Answer 6

Ghrelin, Insulin, Leptin, Glucagon

Question 7

What does Ghrelin do

Answer 7

Induces hunger

Question 8

What does leptin do?

Answer 8

Feeling full

Question 9

What does Insulin do?

Answer 9

Promotes glucose intake by cells

Question 10

What does glucagon do?

Answer 10

Breaks down stored glycogen

Question 11

What are the Enzymes involved in digestion?

Answer 11

Protease, lactase

Question 12

What does bile do in digestion?

Answer 12

Helps neutralize acidic chyme

Question 13

Where does bile come from?

Answer 13

In the liver

Question 14

What is the purpose of the gallbladder in digestions?

Answer 14

To emulsify fat

Question 15

Organs in the digestive system

Answer 15

Salivary glands, mouth, epiglottis, trachea, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, cecum, appendix, stomach, spleen, duodenum, rectum, anus

Question 16

Mouth

Answer 16

The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal

Question 17

Anus

Answer 17

The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled

Question 18

Gland

Answer 18

an organ that secretes a substance

Question 19

Chemical (enzymatic) digestion

Answer 19

The breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption

Question 20

Smooth muscle

Answer 20

Muscle that can be found int he walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestines

Question 21

Nervous system

Answer 21

A complex system that controls and affects every part of the body in the constant drive to maintain homeostasis

Question 22

Stomach

Answer 22

The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs

Question 23

Large Intestine

Answer 23

Compromised of the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal, it is where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination

Question 24

Rectum

Answer 24

The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus

Question 25

Enzyme

Answer 25

A substance produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst. A catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

Question 26

Saliva

Answer 26

The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit

Question 27

Lipase

Answer 27

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fat

Question 28

Lipids

Answer 28

Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water

Question 29

Bolus

Answer 29

A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed

Question 30

Peristalsis

Answer 30

A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

Question 31

Chyme

Answer 31

The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine

Question 32

Pepsin

Answer 32

A stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins

Question 33

Small intestine

Answer 33

The part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs

Question 34

Liver

Answer 34

Organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions

Question 35

Amino acid

Answer 35

Monomers that make up proteins

Question 36

Salt

Answer 36

Am chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation

Question 37

Bacteria

Answer 37

Unicellular organisms that are capable of causing disease

Question 38

Insulin

Answer 38

A hormone that triggers the influx of glucose into cells, lowering glucose into the blood

Question 39

Glucagon

Answer 39

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates its target cells in the liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into glucose and release glucose into the blood

Question 40

Nerve

Answer 40

A long bundle of neuronal axons that transmits signals to and from the central nervous system