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TEAs: Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the cardiovascular system

A

Arteries, Veins, Cardiac muscles, Four chambers (atria, ventricles)

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2
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

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3
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles

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4
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport of nutrients, hormones, and wastes

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5
Q

What does the CLOSED circulatory double loop system consists of?

A

Thick walled arteries that transport blood, veins that transport blood, capillaries

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6
Q

What does the OPEN circulatory system consist of?

A

Circulates and filters interstitial fluids between cells and eventually drains into the circulatory system

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7
Q

What are the two part to the double loop system?

A

Pulmonary and systemic

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8
Q

What does the pulmonary loop do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle (to be oxygenated) and returns oxygenated blood to left ventricle

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9
Q

What are the two types of contractions do the heart produce?

A

Systole and Diastole

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10
Q

Recite the Heart Cycle

A
  1. Ventricles contract (ventricular systole)
  2. atrioventricular valves to close(includes mitral and tricuspid valves) creates a lub sound
  3. Empty ventricles are filled by blood pushed out during atrial systole
  4. At the same time, semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary trunk close (makes dub noise)
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11
Q

Parts of the blood

A

Blood plasma, Red blood cells

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12
Q

What does blood plasma contain?

A

Nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins

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13
Q

What does red blood cells contain?

A

Hemoglobin, platelets

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14
Q

What are white blood cells divided into?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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15
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

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16
Q

What are the different types of Agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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17
Q

Explain how blood flows through the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Oxygen enters the left ventricle; Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body
  2. As it flows through arteries to capillaries, it transports oxygen to tissues and picks up carbon dioxide
  3. Then, the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins. This blood is now deoxygenated and concentrated with carbon dioxide.
  4. It enters the heart through the right atrium and then flows into the right ventricle
  5. The right ventricle pumps the blood toward the lungs through arteries, where it picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide.
  6. Then, it returns to the heart through the left atrium using veins and starts the cycle again.
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18
Q

When do heart attacks occur?

A

Happens when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. If one of the arteries gets blocked (usually by fatty buildup), it stops the blood from reaching the heart

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19
Q

Signs of a heart attack

A

Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Pain in arm, neck, jaw

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20
Q

What are the two types of strokes

A

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic stroke

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21
Q

When does an Ischemic stroke occur?

A

a blood clot blocks flow to the brain

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22
Q

When does a Hemorrhagic stroke occur?

A

blood vessel in the brain bursts

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23
Q

Signs of a stroke?

A

Face drooping on one side
Arm weakness, especially on one side of the body
Speech difficulty, like slurred or confused speech
Time to call for help
(FAST)

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24
Q

When do aneurysms occur?

A

Happens when a blood vessel wall weakens

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25
Q

What are the most serious types of aneurysms

A

Brain: found in blood vessel in brain. can cause hemorrhagic stroke
Aortic: occurs in the aorta

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26
Q

Symptoms of Aneurysms

A

Severe, sudden pain
Dizziness, confusion, or passing out
Chest or abdominal pain (aortic aneurysm)

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27
Q

How do Atherosclerosis occur

A

Plaque builds up inside arteries overtime

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28
Q

What is plaque made up of?

A

cholesterol, fats, and other substances

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29
Q

What happens to a person when a blockage occurs? (Atherosclerosis)

A

Heart: can cause a heart attack
Brain: can lead to a stroke
Legs: cause pain and difficulty walking–peripheral artery disease

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30
Q

Causes of Atherosclerosis

A

Unhealthy diet (high in fats and cholesterol)
Smoking
High blood pressure
Lack of exercise

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31
Q

What are Arrhythmias?

A

Problems with the rhythm of your heartbeat

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32
Q

With arrhythmias, how might the heart beat?

A

Too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), Irregularly (skips beats)

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33
Q

What are the different types of arrythmias?

A

Atrial fibrillation, Ventricular fibrillation, Supraventricular tachycardia

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34
Q

What is an atrial fibrillation (Afib)?

A

heart’s upper chambers (atria) beat irregular. Can lead to blood clots

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35
Q

What is a Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)?

A

Lower chambers (ventricles) quiver instead of pumping blood. Can be life threatening

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36
Q

What is a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?

A

A very fast heartbeat that start in the upper part of the heart

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37
Q

Symptoms of arrhythmias?

A

Feeling like your heart is racing or fluttering
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Shortness of breath
Chest pain (in some cases)

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38
Q

What is hypertension

A

AKA high blood pressure. Force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries is too high

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39
Q

What can high blood pressure lead to?

A

Heart disease/attacks
Strokes
Kidney damage
Eye problems

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40
Q

What can cause high blood pressure?

A

Unhealthy lifestyle
Stress
Genetics
Underlying conditions

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41
Q

Symptoms of hypertension?

A

Doesn’t usually cause symptoms

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42
Q

Anatomy of the heart

A

Superior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, inferior vena cava, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic valve, left ventricle

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43
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward other body parts

44
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart from other body parts

45
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary muscle found in the heart – cardiovascular system. The system comprised of the heart and blood vessels

46
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body

47
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organ

48
Q

Systole

A

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood

49
Q

Relaxation

A

Release of tension in a muscle

50
Q

Plasma

A

Clear pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body

51
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

52
Q

Buffer

A

A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffers maintain the proper pH of the body

53
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A category of white blood cells that includes natural killer cells, B-cells, helper T-cells, and cytotoxic T-cells

54
Q

Lymph

A

Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease

55
Q

Macrophages

A

A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material

56
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cells, which protect the body against disease

57
Q

Blood

A

red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals

58
Q

Characteristics of blood

A

Always red. Brighter red means more oxygen

59
Q

What is the common misconception about veins?

A

arteries are red and veins are blue. It’s only blue for diagram purposes

60
Q

What is the two primary functions of the blood?

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis (pH, temperature, Osmotic pressure)
  2. Transportation (hormones, nutrients, gases)
61
Q

what is the purpose of platelets

A

helps blood clots

62
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

An iron, rich protein. Gives the red color of blood

63
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary arteries

A

Carry oxygen poor blood

64
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary veins

A

Carry oxygen rich blood

65
Q

Characteristics of Atria

A

Thin walls, upper chambers

66
Q

Characteristics of ventricles

A

Thick walls, lower chambers

67
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 1

A

Deoxygenated blood to lungs

68
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step
2

A

Enters the Superior Vena Cava/ Inferior vena cava

69
Q

Which part does the Inferior Vena Cava collect blood

A

Lower part of the body

70
Q

Which part does the Superior Vena cava collect blood?

A

Upper half of the body

71
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step
3

A

Blood travels to right atrium

72
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 4

A

The right atrium then contracts and pushes blood to the tricuspid valve

73
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 5

A

The blood then contracts and pushes blood to the Tricuspid Valve

74
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 6

A

Blood travels through the Pulmonic Valve to the Pulmonary Artery

75
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 7

A

Goes to lungs to be oxygenated

76
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 8

A

Blood returns to the heart through the Pulmonary veins

77
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 9

A

Goes through left atrium

78
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 10

A

Left atrium contracts and pushes blood to the Bicuspid or Mitral valve

79
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 11

A

Blood is pushed to left ventricle

80
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 12

A

To the aortic valve

81
Q

Blood flow through the heart: Step 13

A

Finally to the aorta

82
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Gives blood

83
Q

Coronary veins

A

Blood returns through it. Returns to right atrium from coronary sinus

84
Q

Characteristics of Interatrial septum

A

Thin, muscular

85
Q

What are the two parts of the Interatrial septum

A

Fossa ovalis and limbus of the fossa ovalis

86
Q

Which part does the interatrial septum separate?

A

Right and Left Atria

87
Q

What is the function of the two septums

A

separate oxygen rich blood from oxygen poor blood between chambers

88
Q

Characteristics of the interventricular septum

A

thick, muscular

89
Q

Two parts of the interventricular septum

A

Membranous and muscular

90
Q

What does the interventricular septum separate?

A

Right and Left Atria

91
Q

What is an Atrial Septal Defect

A

A congenital heart defect. The interatrial septum has an abnormal opening, allowing blood to flow between the two atria.

92
Q

What is an Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?

A

A congenital heart defect. There are one or more holes in the interventricular septum, allowing blood to mix between the ventricles

93
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

It’s the main pacemaker. SA node starts an electrical impulse– triggers atrial contractions. It beats 60 to 100 BPM. Located in right atrium

94
Q

What does the bachmann bundle do?

A

Signal from SA node to Left atrium

95
Q

What is the Atrioventricular Node

A

Secondary pacemaker. It delays signals from SA node which allow the atria to contract. 40 to 60 BPM

96
Q

Bundle of His

A

The only route between atria and ventricle. Right bundle branch signals to the right ventricle. Left bundle branch signals to the left ventricle

97
Q

Purkinje Fiber

A

Last-ditch pacemaker. Connect with myocytes. Initializes depolarization that leads to contractions. 20 to 40 BPM

98
Q

Depolarization =

A

Contraction

99
Q

Repolarization =

A

Relaxation

100
Q

What is the P wave

A

Atrial contractions. Occurs at the same time as the QRS complex

101
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization. Ventricular contractions. Looks like an inverted V

102
Q

What is the normal QRS range

A

0.06 to 0.12 seconds

103
Q

What is the T wave

A

Ventricular Repolarization

104
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of the heart. Creates Lub sound. Top number on reading. Peak pressure in arteries. Lower than 120

105
Q

What is diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart. Creates Dub sound. Bottom number on reading. lowest pressure in arteries, lower than 80

TEAs: Anatomy (13 decks)

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