digestive system Flashcards
-ary
pertaining to
aliment-
nourishment, food
aliment-ary
pertaining to digestive tract
canal
a duct, channel
aliment-ary channel
digestive tract
anus
a ring; terminal opening of digestive tract through which fecs are discharged
-al
pertaining to
an-
anus
an-al
pertaining to anus
-atric
treatment
bari-
weight
bari-atric
treatment of obesity
-ion
action
digest-
to break down food
digest-ion
breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism
-ive
nature of, quality of
digest-ive
pertaining to digestion
esophagus
gullet; tube linking the pharynx and stomach
-ic
pertaining to
gastr-
stomach
gastr-ic
pertaining to stomach
-logy
study of
-enter/o
intestine
gastr/o-enter/o-logy
medical specialty of stomach and intestines
-logist
one who studies, specialist
gastr/o-enter/o-logist
medical specialist in gastroenterology
intestin-
gut, intestine
gastr/o-intestin-al
pertaining to stomach and intestines
intestine
intestine, gut; digestive tube from stomach and anus
intestin-al
pertaining to intestines
-scopy
to view; examine
lapar/o-
abdomen in general
lapar/o-scopy
exam of contents of abdomen using an endoscope
-scope
instrument for viewing
laparo-scope
instrument used for viewing abdominal contents
lapar/o-scop-ic
pertaining to laparoscopy
nutrient
to nourish; substance in food required for normal physiologic function
-ive
nature of, pertaining to
nutrit-
nourishment
nutrit-ive
providing nourishment
nutrit-ion
study of food and liquid requirements for normal function of human body
nutrit-ion-ist
certified professional in nutrition science
-ase
enzyme
amyl-
starch
amyl-ase
one of a group of enzymes that breaks down starch
bolus
lump; single mass of substance
-ion
action, condition
deglutit-
to swallow
deglutit-ion
act of swallowing
-ation
process
elimin-
throw away
elimin-ation
removal of waste material from digestive tract
en-
in
-zyme
fermenting
en-zyme
protein that induces changes in other substances
lip-
fat
lip-ase
enzyme that breaks down fat
mastic-
chew
mastic-ate
to chew
mastic-ation
process of chewing
peri-
around
-stalsis
constrict
peri-stalsis
waves of alternate contraction and relaxation of intestinal wall to move food along digestive tract
pro/e-
protein
prot/e-ase
group of enzymes that breaks down protein
-ine
pertaining to, substance
dent-ine
dense, ivory like substance located under enamel in tooth
dent-
tooth
dent-ist
qualified practitioner in anatomy, physio, and pathology of oral facial complex
enamel
hard substance covering tooth
mouth
external opening of cavity or canal
nas/o-
nose
-pharynx
throat
nas/o-pharynx
region of pharynx at back of nose and above soft palate
or-
mouth
or-al
pertaining to mouth
palate
roof of mouth
papilla (ae)
small pimple; any small projection
-id
having a particular quality
par-
beside
-ot-
ear
par-ot-id
parotid gland is the salivary gland beside ear
pulp
flesh; dental pulp is connective tissue in cavity in center of tooth
saliva
spit; secretion in mouth from salivary glands
saliv-ary
pertaining to saliva
sub-
underneath
-lingu-
tongue
sub-lingu-al
underneath the tongue
-mandibul-
mandible
sub-mandibul-ar
underneath mandible
tongue
mobile muscle mass in mouth; bears the taste buds
uvula
grape; fleshy projection of soft palate
aphlous
ulcer; painful small oral ulecers (canker sores)
canker
crab; nonmedical term for aphthous ulcer
caries
dry rot; bacterial destruction of teeth
gingiv-
gum
gingiv-a
gum; tissue surrounding teeth and covering the jaw
gingiv-al
pertaining to gums
gingiv-itis
inflammation of gums
-ectomy
surgical excision
gingiv-ectomy
surgical removal of diseased gum tissue
-dynia
pain
gloss/o-
tongue
gloss/o-dynia
painful, burning tongue
-osis
condition
halit-
breath
halit-osis
bad odor of breath
peri-
around
-odont-
tooth
-ics
knowledge
peri-odont-al
around a tooth
peri-odont-ics
branch of dentistry specializing in disorders of tissues around teeth
-ist
specialist
peri-odont-ist
specialist in periodontics
peri-odont-itis
inflammation of tissues around tooth
plaque
plate; patch of abnormal tissue
-rrhea
flow
py/o-
pus
py/o-rrhea
purulent discharge
stomat/i-
oral cavity, mouth
stomat/i-tis
inflammation of mucous membrane in mouth
tartar
crust on wine casks; calcified deposit at gingival margin of teeth
thrush
infection w candida albicans
a-
without
symptomat-
symptom
a-symptomat-ic
w/o any symptoms or abnormalities experienced by patient
symptomat-ic
pertaining to symptoms of disease
dys-
difficulty
-phagia
swallowing
dys-phagia
difficulty in swallowing
emesis
to vomit;
hemat-
blood
hemat-emesis
vomiting of blood
esophagus
gullet; tube linking pharynx to stomach
-eal
pertaining to
esophag-
esophagus
esophag-eal
pertaining to esophagus
esophag-itis
inflammtion of lining of esophagus
hernia
rupture; protusion of structure thru tissue that normally contains it
-rrhaphy
suture
herni/o-
hernia
herni/o-rrhaphy
repair of hernia
hiatus
an aperture; opening thru structure
hiat-
opening
hiat-al
pertaining to hiatus
re-
back
-flux
flow
re-flux
backward flow
sphincter
a band; band of muscle that encircles an opening; when it contracts, the opening squeezes closed
varix
dilated vein; dilated, tortuous vein
-ose
full of
varic-
varicosity; dilated, tortuous vein
varic-ose
characterized by or affected w varices
chyme
juice; semifluid, partially digested food passed from stomach into duodenum
-um
structure
duoden-
twelve
duoden-um
first part of small intestine; approx 12 finger breadths (9-10 inches) in length
duoden-al
pertaining to duodenum
-in
substance, chemical compound
gastr-
stomach
gastr-in
hormone secreted in stomach that stimulates secretion of HCI and increases gastric mobility
hydr/o-
water
-chlor-
green
hydr/o-chlor-ic
acid of gastric juice
intrins-
on the inside
factor
maker
intrins-ic factor
makes the absorption of vitamin B12 happen
mucus
slime; sticky secretion of cells in mucous membranes
mucous
relating to mucus or the mucosa
mucin
protein element of mucus
pepsin
to digest; enzyme produced by stomach that breaks down protein
-gen
produce
pepsin/o-
pepsin
pepsin/o-gen
converted by HCl in stomach to pepsin
-us
pertaining to
pylor-
gate, pylorus
pylor-us
exit area of stomach
pylor-ic
pertaining to pylorus
absorpt-
to swallow
absorpt-ion
uptake of nutrients and water by cells in GI tract
an-
without
-orex-
appetitie
an-orex-ia
without an appetite; or an aversion to food
cecum
blind; blind pouch that is the first part of large intestine
cec-
cecum
cec-al
pertaining to cecum
-ia
condition
dys-
difficult, bad
-peps-
digestion
gastr-itis
inflammation of lining of stomach
gastr/o-
stomach
-esophag/e-
esophagus
gastr/o-esophag/e-al
pertaining to stomach and esophagus
-scope
instrument for viewing
gastr/o-scope
endoscope for examining the inside of stomach
gastr/o-scopy
endoscopic exam of stomach
ile-
ilem
ile-um
third portion of small intestine
ile/o-cec-al
pertaining to junction of ileum and cecum
in-
in, not
-digest-
to break down
in-digest-ion
symptoms resulting from difficulty in digesting food
jejunum
empty; segment of small intestine between the duodenum and ileum
jejun-
jejunum
jejun-al
pertaining to jejunum
pept-
digest
pept-ic
relating to stomach and duodenum
perforat-
bore through
perforat-ion
hole through the wall of structure
stricture
draw tight; narrowing of tube
celi-
abdomen
celi-ac
relating to abdominal cavity
dis-
apart
-ease
normal function
celi-ac dis-ease
disease caused by a sensitivity to gluten
gastr/o-enter-itis
inflammation of stomach and intestines
Giardia
parasite that can affect the small intestine
gluten
glue; insoluble protein found in wheat, barley and rye
ileus
intestinal colic; dynamic or mechanical obstruction of small intestine
intus-
within
-suscept-
to take up
intus-suscept-tion
slippage of one part of bowel inside another, causing obstruction
bile
fluid secreted by liver into duodenum
bil/i-
bile
bile acids
steroids synthesized from cholesterol
bil/i-ary
pertaining to bile or biliary tract
-rubin
rust colored
bil/i-rubin
bile pigment formed in liver from hemoglobin
-osis
condition
cirrh-
yellow
cirrh-osis
extensive fibrotic liver disease
glyc/o-gen
body’s principal carb reserve, stored in liver and skeletal muscle
hepat-
liver
hepat-ic
pertaining to liver
hepat-itis
inflammation of liver
jaundice
yellow; yellow staining of tissues with bile pigments, including bilirubin
liver
bodys largest organ, located in the right upper quadrant of abdomen
ped-
foot
ped-al
pertaining to foot
provision-
provide
dia-
complete
-gnosis
knowledge of an abnormal condition
provision-al
temporary diagnosis pending further exam or testing
dia-gnosis
determination of cause of disease
chol/e-
bile
-cyst-
bladder
-ectomy
surgical excision
chol/e-cyst-itis
inflammation of gallbladder
chol/e-cyst-ectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
-iasis
condition
choledoch/o-
common bile duct
-lith-
stone
choledoch/o-lith-iasis
presence of gallstone in common bile duct
chol/e-lith/o-iasis
condition of having bile stones (gallstones)
chol/e-lith/o-tomy
surgical removal of gallstones
endo-
within, inside
-crine
secrete
exo-
outward, outside
endo-crine
gland that produces an internal or hormonal substance and secreted it into bloodstream
exo-crine
gland that secretes substance outwardly thru excretory ducts
gall-
bitter
-stone
pebble
gall-stone
hard mass of cholesterol, calcium, and bilirubin that can be formed in gallbladder and bile duct
gallbladder
receptacle; inferior surface of liver for storing bile
gluc-
glucose, sugar
-agon
to fight
gluc-agon
hormone that mobilizes glucose from body storage
insul-
island
-in
chemical compound
insul-in
pancreatic hormone that suppressed blood glucose levels and transports glucose into cells
pancreas
sweebread; lobulated gland, head of which is tucked into curve of duodenum
pancreat-ic
pertaining to pancreas
pancreat-itis
inflammation of pancreas
-ac
pertaining to
celi-
abdomen
dis-
apart
-ease
normal function
celi-ac dis-ease
disease caused by sensitivity to gluten
dia-
complete
-rrhea
flow, discharge
dia-rrhea
abnormally frequent and loose stools
endo-
inside, within
-scopy
to examine, view
endo-scopy
use of an endoscope
endo-scope
instrument used to examine the interior of a tubular or hollow organ
-ence
forming
flatul-
excessive gas, flatus
flatul-ence
excessive amount of gas in stomach and intestines
flatus
blowing; gas or air expelled thru anus
glyc/o-gen
bodys principal carb reserve, stored in liver and skeletal muscle
mal-
bad, difficult
-absorpt-
swallow, take in
mal-absorpt-ion
inadequate gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients
portal
gate
portal vein
vein that carries blood from intestines to liver
starch
stiffen; complex carbs made of multiple units of glucose attached together
villus
shaggy hair; thin, hairlike projection, particularly of a mucous membrane lining a cavity
amin/o-
nitrogen containing
acid
sour
amin/o acid
basic building block for protein
chyle
juice; milky fluid that results from digestion and absorption of fats in small intestine
crohn disease
narrowing and thickening of terminal small intestine
-entery
condition of small intestine
dys-entery
disease with diarrhea, bowel spasms, fever and dehydration
-ify
to become
emuls-
suspend in a liquid
emuls-ify
break up into very small droplets to suspend in a solution
emuls-ion
system that contains small droplets suspended in a liquid
-enter-
intestine
lact-
milk
gastr/o-enter-itis
inflammation of stomach and small intestine
lact-eal
lymphatic vessel carrying chyle away from intestine
lactose
milk sugar; disaccharide in cows milk
lact-ase
enzyme that breaks down lactose to glucose
lip-ase
enzyme that breaks down fat
lipid
fat; general term for all types of fatty compounds (cholesterol, triglycerides, fatty acids)
miner-
mines
miner-al
inorganic compound usually found in earth’s crust
an/o-
anus
-rect-
rectum
junct-
joining together
an/o-rect-al junct-ion
junction between anus and rectum
appendix
appendage; small blind projection from pouch of cecum
appendic-
appendix
appendic-itis
inflammation of appendix
append-ectomy
surgical removal of appendix
colon
large intestine, extending from cecum to rectum
col-
colon
col-ic
spasmodic, crampy pains in abdomen
col-itis
inflammation of colon
feces
dregs; undigested, waste material discharged from bowel
fec-
feces
fec-al
pertaining to feces
de-
removal
-ation
process
de-fec-ation
evacuation of feces from rectum and anus
flexure
bend; bend in structure
ileum
roll up, twist; third portion of small intestine
ile/o-cec-al sphincter
band of muscle that encircles the junction of ileum and cecum
rectum
straight; terminal part of colon from the sigmoid to anal canal
rect-al
pertaining to rectum
sigmoid
sigmoid colon is shaped like an “S”
bowel
sausage; another name for intestine
diverticul-
byroad
diverticul-um
pouchlike opening or sac from tubular structure
diverticul-osis
presence of number of small pouches in wall of large intestine
diverticul-itis
inflammation of the diverticula
fissure
slit; deep furrow or cleft
fistula
pipe, tube; abnormal passage
-rrhoid
flow
hem/o-
blood
hem/o-rrhoid
dilated rectal vein producing painful anal swelling
hem/o-rrhoid-ectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
melena
black; passage of black, tarry stools
occult
to hide
occult blood
blood that cant be seen in stool but is positive on a fecal occult blood test
hemoccult test
trade name for fecal occult blood test
-um
tissue
periton/e-
stretch over
periton/e-um
membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
periton/e-al
pertaining to peritoneum
periton-itis
inflammation of peritoneum
polyp
foot; mass of tissue that projects into lumen of bowel
polyp-osis
presence of several polyps
polyp-ectomy
excision or removal of polyp
proct-
anus, rectum
proct-itis
inflammation of lining of rectum
proct/o-
anus, rectum
proct/o-logist
surgical specialist in disease of anus and rectum
-graphy
process of recording
angio-
blood vessel
angio-graphy
process of recording image of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
an/o-scopy
endoscopic examination of anus
aspirat-ion
removal by suction of fluid or gas from body cavity
chol-
bile
-angi/o-
blood vessel, lymph vessel
chol-angi/o-graphy
x-ray of bile ducts after injection or ingestion of contrast medium
colon/o-scopy
endoscopic exam of colon
digit-
finger or toe
digit-al
pertaining to finger or toe
endo-
within, inside
endo-scope
instrument to examine the inside of tubular or hollow organ
endo-scop-ic
pertaining to the use of an endoscope
endo-scopy
use of endoscope
enema
injection; injection of fluid into rectum
enter/o-
intestine
enter/o-scopy
exam of lining of digestive tract
gastr/o-scope
instrument to view inside of stomach
gastr/o-scopy
endoscopic exam of stomach
ile/o-
ileum
ile/o-scopy
endoscopic exam of ileum
lavage
to wash; washing out of hollow cavity, tube, or organ
pan
all
pan-endo-scopy
endoscopic exam of esophagus, stomach, duodenum
proct/o-
anus, rectum
proct/o-scopy
exam of inside of anus and rectum by proctoscope or rectoscope
re-
back
-sect-
cut off
re-sect-ion
removal of a specific part of an organ or structure
sigmoid/o-
sigmoid colon
sigmoid/o-scopy
endoscopic exam of sigmoid colon
append-ectomy
surgical removal of appendix
anastom-
join together
anastom-osis
surgically made union between two tubular structures
chol/e-
bile
-cyst-
bladdeer
chol/e-cyst-ectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
-lith-
stone
chol/e-lith-otomy
surgical incision to remove a gallstone
hernia
rupture; protrusion of structure thru the tissue that normally contains it
hiat-
aperture
hiat-al
pertaining to an opening thru structure
inguin-
groin
inguin-al
pertaining to groin
-stomy
new opening; surgery to create an artificial opening into tubular structure
os-
mouth
col-
colon
col/o-stomy
artificial opening from colon to outside of body
ile-
ileum; artificial opening from ileum to outside of body
ile/o-stomy
artificial opening from ileum to outside of body
pancreat/o-graphy
process of recording the structure of pancreas
retro-
backward
-grade
going
retro-grade
reversal of a normal flow
stoma
mouth; artificial opening
ultra-
higher
-sound
noise
ultra-sound
very high frequency sound waves
anti-dia-rrhe-al
drug that prevents abnormally frequent and loose stools
anti-
against
-emetic
causing vomiting
anti-emetic
agent that prevents vomiting
-hist-
tissue
-amine
nitrogen compound
anti-hist-amine
drug that can be used to treat allergic symptoms or prevent vomiting
cach-
bad
-exia
condition of body
cach-exia
general weight loss and wasting of body
-oid
resembling
cannabin-
hemp
cannabin-oid
group of chemical compounds, some of which increase appetite and others treat nausea and vomiting
lax/a-
looseness
-tive
pertaining to
lax/a-tive
oral agent that promotes the expulsion of feces
-ility
condition, state of
mot-
to move
mot-ility
ability for spontaneous movement
proton
first
pump
pump
-or
a doer
inhibit-
repress
proton pump inhibit-or
agent that blocks production of gastric acid
stool
a seat; matter discharged in one movement of bowels
