Digestion

Question 1

what are the two types of starch we usually intake?

Answer 1

amylopectin and amylose

Question 2

what is the linkage that amylose uses?

Answer 2

alpha1-4 bonds

Question 3

what two linkages does amylopectin use?

Answer 3

alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6

Question 4

in addition to starch, what other common form of sugars do we intake?

Answer 4

disaccharides

Question 5

salivary amylase breaks what bond?

Answer 5

alpha 1-4

Question 6

pancreatic amylase breaks what bond?

Answer 6

alpha 1-4

Question 7

what is the transporter for glucose across luminal surface in SI? what is the type of diffusion here? what molecule drives this process?

Answer 7

SGLT1
secondary active diffusion
driven by Na

Question 8

what is the transporter for galactose across luminal surface in SI? what is the type of diffusion here? what molecule drives this process?

Answer 8

SGLT1
secondary active diffusion
driven by Na

Question 9

what is the transporter for frcutose across luminal surface in SI? what is the type of diffusion here? what molecule drives this process?

Answer 9

GLUT5
passive diffusion
not linked

Question 10

what is the basolateral membrane transporter that is used for all the monosaccharides?

Answer 10

GLUT2

Question 11

name the three monosaccharides we can absorb

Answer 11

glucose
galactose
fructose

Question 12

name the four BBE for carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 12

lactase
sucrase
maltase
dextrinase

Question 13

what carbs does lactase break up

Answer 13

glu and gal

Question 14

what carbs does sucrase break up

Answer 14

fructose and glucose

Question 15

what carbs does maltase break up

Answer 15

glu and glu

Question 16

what is the action of dextrinase

Answer 16

breaks alpha 1-6 bonds of glu-glu

Question 17

what enzymes is in charge of activating trypsin into trypsinogen?

Answer 17

enterokinase

Question 18

what is pepsin activated by?

Answer 18

HCl

Question 19

where does pepsinogen break AA chains?

Answer 19

internally…endopeptidase

Question 20

name the five pancreatic peptidases

Answer 20

trypsin
chymotrypsin
elastase
carboxypeptidase A
craboxypeptidase B

Question 21

which two of the pancreatic peptidases are exopeptidases

Answer 21

carboxypeptidase A and B

Question 22

name the two peptidases from the BBE in the SI

Answer 22

aminooligopeptidase

dipeptidase

Question 23

how do we absorb protein? single amino acids, di and tri peptide or polypeptides?

Answer 23

single, di and tri…no poly

Question 24

how are di and tripeptides brought in the luminal surface?

Answer 24

with a cotransporter of Hydrogen

Question 25

how are free amino acids brought in the luminal surface?

Answer 25

with a Na cotrasnporter

Question 26

what are the four steps of lipid absorption?

Answer 26

emulsification lipid hydrolysis micellization lipid absorption

Question 27

what is in charge of emulsifying fats?

Answer 27

bile

Question 28

what type of fat does bile mainly emulsify?

Answer 28

triglycerides

Question 29

name the three pancreatic lipases

Answer 29

lipase-colipase phospholipase A2 cholesterol esterase

Question 30

what type of molecule does cholesterol esterase work on? what does it break it into?

Answer 30

cholesterol ester | breaks into cholesterol and fatty acid

Question 31

what type of molecule does regular lipases work on? what does it break it into?

Answer 31

triglycerides | breaks into monoglyceride and fatty acids

Question 32

what type of molecule does phospholipase A2 work on? what does it break it into?

Answer 32

phospholipids | breaks into lysolecithin and a fatty acid

Question 33

how many places can pancreatic lipase cleave a triglyceride? what does this lead to?

Answer 33

two...breaks it into two fatty acids and amonoglyceride

Question 34

how many places can gastric lipase cleave a triglyceride? what does this lead to?

Answer 34

one..breaks it into a diglyceride and a fatty acid

Question 35

what does pancreatic lipase need to be effective? why does gastric lipase not need this?

Answer 35

colipase...gastric does not need it because bile has not surrounded the lipids in the stomach

Question 36

how does colipase help pancreatic lipase to digest lipids?

Answer 36

it binds the bile and the lipase and allows the lipase to get into the fat and start working

Question 37

after pancreatic lipase works and you are left with fatty acids and monoglycerides...are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic? what does this cause to happen?

Answer 37

hydrophobic...so they are put into micelles

Question 38

what four things contribute to the formation of a micelle?

Answer 38

bile salts cholesterol fat soluble vitamins (DAKE) lipid digestion components

Question 39

what does the luminal surface of a cell actually absorb in lipid absorption?

Answer 39

micelles

Question 40

once a micelle is absorbed what does the cell make out of it? why does it do this?

Answer 40

it makes it into a chylomicron to make sure the micelle does not leak back out the apical side of the cell and into the lumen

Question 41

what can happen to the chylomicron in the eneterocyte? where does it travel after this?

Answer 41

it can be exocytosed...and go into the lacteal and into the subclavian