Diagrams Flashcards
What is an Affinity Diagram?
A management and planning tool used to organize ideas into natural groupings in a way that stimulates new, creative ideas.
An affinity diagram is used to organize verbal information into a visual pattern.
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What is a Bar Chart used for?
Used in other diagrams to illustrate data like in a histogram or Pareto chart.
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What are Control Charts used for?
Are used to measure sequential or time-related process performance. The control chart is probably the best known most useful and most difficult to understand quality tool and visually represents the amount of variation in a process, it can help you quickly gauge process stability.
Use a control chart when you need to:
* Monitor the degree of variation in a process
* Spot emerging process problems before they become critical
* Help identify normal causes of variation and special causes of variation that may gradually affect the quality of a process
Footnote:
a.) If data points are distributed normally within the upper and lower control limits during a specific period of time, the process is considered to be stable and in a state of statistical control.
b.) If one or more data points fall outside of the control limits, the process is considered to be out of control and requires additional investigation and potential intervention.
c.) Tracks performance of a process over a specific period of time against established, acceptable process limits.
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What are Design of Experiments (DOE) used for?
DOE is a statistical method used during the Improve stage of DMAIC to conduct experiments on a process, collecting and analyzing data to identify impactful variables and their parameters. Instead of adjusting variables individually, DOE recommends adjusting multiple variables simultaneously. Provides a structured way to characterize processes.
The results of these experiments help identify which variables have the most impact on final quality and define their parameters. Instead of adjusting variables individually, DOE recommends adjusting multiple variables simultaneously. This approach, accelerates the process and uncovers complex interactions between variables.
What are the Steps of Design of Experiments (DOE)?
- Describe
- Specify
- Design
- Predict
- Fit
- Collect
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Fishbone or Cause and Effect Diagram
Used for finding root cause.
Example sentence: The team used a fishbone diagram to identify the root cause of the production issue.
What are the 6 M’s for cause an effect?
Manpower, Methods, Materials, Machines, Measurement, Mother Nature.
Additional information: The 6 M’s are commonly used categories in cause and effect diagrams.
What are the 4 Ps for cause and effect?
Policies, Procedures, People, Plant/Technology.
Additional information: The 4 Ps concept is used to analyze and improve processes.
What is a Flowchart used for?
The flowchart is a tool that can help you understand complex process information through visual representation.
Shows the flow of a process used to identify and communicate the steps in a work process and identify areas that may be a source of a problem or determine improvement opportunities.
Use a flowchart when you need to:
* Document procedures
* Provide a common understanding or reference point for everyone involved
* Define process boundaries
* Recognize bottlenecks and opportunities for improvement
Footnote:
Note that flowcharts are designed most effectively by people involved in the process being studied. A flowchart is constructed by breaking a process down into tasks and decision points and then placing them in chronological order in a flow.
Example sentence: The team created a flowchart to visualize the steps in the new onboarding process.
What are the standard set of symbols representing the various parts of a process in a flowchart?
- Step: A single step in the process, typically one arrow out of the box, and step description inside box.
- Direction: Shows the direction the process flows, used for steps and decisions and can include labels associated with decisions.
- Decision: Indicates a decision point based on a question, step direction is written in the box and typically two arrows come out for yes/no.
- Delay: Indicates a delay or wait time in the process, typically one arrow comes out and step description is written in the box.
*Link: Indicates a link to another flowchart and step description is written inside box.
*Input/Output: Indicates data is input or available from the output of processing, typically has one arrow out of box and step description is inside.
*Document: Indicates a physical document or report within the process, typically has one arrow out of box and description is written inside.
*Start/End: Indicates the beginning or the end of a process, typically only one arrow in or out of the shape and step description is written inside the box.
What is an “Activity Flowchart” and how is it used?
An activity flowchart is used to create a common understanding of how work flows by detailing activities and decision points that make up a process.
Use an activity flowchart when you need to:
* Discover problems by comparing how a process flows in the real world to the ideal workflow
* Consider ways to optimize workflow
What is a “Deployment Flowchart” and how is it used?
A deployment flowchart is a detailed flowchart that shows the interactions and handoffs between stakeholders or functional areas in swim lanes, or areas of responsibility. An arrow that crosses a swim lane indicates a handoff. They are used when trying to identify inefficiency, duplication, or unnecessary processing.
Use a deployment flowchart when you need to:
* See where several different individuals or groups are involved in a process at different stages.
* Study how sequential or parallel steps affect process time
What is a Focus Group?
A customer-oriented approach for collecting information from a group of participants who are strangers to each other. Focus groups are a useful qualitative analysis tool for helping to understand the beliefs and perceptions of the population represented by the group. It is often used to obtain basic pros and cons, and suggestions before preparing questions for a planned survey.
Example: Conducting a focus group to gather insights on consumer preferences for a new product.
What is Force-Field Analysis (FFA)?
A tool that uses a creative process for encouraging agreement about all facets of a desired change. It is used for clarifying and strengthening the “driving forces” for change. It can also be used to identify obstacles, or “restraining forces,” to change. Finally, it can be used for encouraging agreement on the relative priority of factors on each side of the “plus/minus” sheet.
Example: Using Force-Field Analysis to assess the factors influencing the implementation of a new company policy.
What is a Gantt Chart?
A matrix-type of horizontal bar chart used in process/project planning and control to display planned work and finished work in relation to time. Also called a milestone chart when interim checkpoints are added.
Example: Creating a Gantt Chart to visualize the timeline for completing a construction project.
What is a histogram and how is it used?
A histogram, sometimes referred to as a frequency distribution, is a type of bar graph that maps the distribution of numeric process data to reveal the amount of variation in an entire data set over a period of time. These can be used to plot the frequency with which different values of a given variable occur.
Histogram Uses: Use a histogram when you need to:
* Analyze the distribution of data
* Identify the range of a variable
* Determine the frequency distribution of a variable
Footnote:
Histograms can examine existing patterns, identify the range of variables, and suggest a central tendency in variables. This tool clearly portrays information on location, spread, and shape which enables the user to perceive subtleties regarding the functioning of the physical process that is generating the data.
What is the difference between a histogram and a bar chart?
Histogram has no gaps between bars, while a bar chart may have gaps.
What is matrix analysis?
Method quantifies and arranges matrix diagram data so that the information is easy to visualize and comprehend. The relationship between the elements shown in a matrix diagram are quantified by obtaining numerical data for intersecting cells.
What is a matrix diagram?
Method clarifies problematic spots through multidimensional thinking. This method identifies corresponding elements involved in a problem situation or event. Elements are arranged in rows and columns on a chart that shows the presence or absence of relationships among collected pairs of elements.
What are the types of matrix diagrams?
L, T, Y, C, X, and Roof
What does a L matrix diagram do?
L - Relates two groups of items to each other (or one group to itself).
What does a T matrix diagram do?
T - Relates three groups of items groups B and C are each related to A. Groups B and C are not related to each other.
What is a Pareto Chart?
Representation of the frequency with which certain events occur and may help determine which problem to address first based on the greatest impact. It is a rank order chart that displays the relative importance, or impact, of items contributing to a given situation. Variables in a data set may be used to assign priorities regarding opportunities for improvement.
Use a Pareto chart when you need to:
* Analyze data about the frequency of specific situations
* Continually focus improvement efforts on items with the most significant impact until you come to the root cause
*Share data with others in an easy-to-understand format
Example: Types of Errors Discovered During Surgical Set-up
What does a “Bell’ shaped histogram mean?
A bell-shape represents a normal and natural distribution of process data. The data points are as likely to occur on one side of the average as the other, and decrease in frequency as they move away from the average.
What does a “Skewed’ shaped histogram mean?
A skewed distribution is one in which a higher frequency of occurrences of a variable is shifted off-target in one direction. Distribution in a skewed histogram is uneven because a limit prevents outcomes on one side of the average.
What does a “Bi-Modal” histogram mean?
A bi-modal, or double-peaked, distribution has two distinct “humps” and is likely an indication that two different processes are represented in one histogram.
What does a “Comb” histogram mean?
A comb distribution has bars that are alternately tall and short and shows a sharp drop at the ends instead of a normal tapering effect. This pattern is often a result of data that is rounded to the nearest value before it is plotted on the graph.
What does a “Truncated” histogram mean?
A truncated, or heart-cut, distribution has data that sharply drops off on either end of the distribution. This pattern is often a result of data that is sorted prior to collection and removed from the histogram.
What does a “Straight Line” on a scatter plot mean?
If the points look like a straight line, there is a strong relationship between the two variables because every change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other.
What does a “Positive Correlation” on a scatter plot mean?
Points clustered in a band going from lower-left to upper-right indicate a positive correlation (if X increases, Y also increases).
What does a “Negative Correlation” on a scatter plot mean?
A cluster of points that go from upper-left to lower-right indicate a negative correlation (if X increases, Y decreases).
What does a “No Correlation” on a scatter plot mean?
If it is hard to draw a line of best fit because the points are clustered in a circular fashion and show no significant clustering, there is probably no correlation between the two variables.
