Diagnosis of Major Nephrologic Syndromes

Question 1

AKI

Answer 1

oligo-anuria

Question 2

CKD

Answer 2

uremia

azotemia > 3 mos
kidneys reduced in size
broad (WBC) casts in urinary sediment d.t. dilated tubules

Question 3

Nephritic syndrome

Answer 3

oliguria
edema
hypertension

hematuria
RBC casts
azotemia

Question 4

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 4

edema (anasarca)

massive proteinuria >3.5 g/day
hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia

Question 5

Urinary Tract Infection

Answer 5

frequency
urgency
tenderness

bacteriuria 100000 CFU/mL
infectious agents documented in the urine
pyuria, leukocyte casts

Question 6

Nephrolithiasis

Answer 6

previous history of stone passage
renal colic

stone - x-ray or other imaging
other findings: hydronephrosis, dilated calyces
abnormalities in urinalysis

Question 7

Tubular syndromes

Answer 7

polyuria
nocturia

electrolyte disorders (from renal transport defects)
renal calcification or large kidneys on imaging

Question 8

Urinary Tract Obstruction

Answer 8

oligo-anuria or polyuria
nocturia
urinary retention

azotemia
hematuria, pyuria
imaging: large prostate and large kidneys

Question 9

Asymptomatic Urine Abnormalities

Answer 9

subnephrotic range proteinuria

hematuria, sterile pyuria, casts

Question 10

Hypertension from Renal Disease

Answer 10

systolic and/or diastolic

w/ or without proteinuria, hematuria, abnormalities on urinalysis