diabetes Flashcards
types of diabetes
T1, T2, gestational
type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in
children, adults
type 1 diabetes: the body _____ insulin
does not produce
insulin allows the body to
properly use glucose
___ is the basic fuel for the cells in the body
glucose
insulin takes ___ from blood into ____ where it can provide energy
glucose, cells
insulin is made from ____ cells inside of the ____
beta, pancreas
beta cells release insulin to
help the body use or store glucose
in type 1, beta cells
do not work
in type 2, beta cells
don’t produce enough insulin for the amount of food eaten
insulin cannot be taken in ___ form
pill
insulin must be _____ to get into the bloodstream
injected subcutaneously
length of time before insulin reaches the bloodstream and begins lowering blood glucose
onset
time during which insulin is at maximum strength in terms of lowering blood glucose
peak time
how insulin continues to lower blood glucose
duration
one very long-acting insulin (___) starts to lower blood glucose levels ______ after injection, and keeps working ______
glargine
1 hour, evenly for 24 hours
rapid onset time
5 min
short onset time
30 min
intermediate onset time
2-4 hours
long onset time
6-10 hours
rapid peak time
1 hour
short peak time
2-3 hours
intermediate peak time
4-12 hours
rapid duration
2-4 hours
short duration
3-6 hours
intermediate duration
12-18 hours
long duration
24 hours
many factors influence your glucose levels: food and drink
what, when, quantity, ingestion order/speed
many factors influence your glucose levels: exercise
when, how much, type, competitive/combative aspect
many factors influence your glucose levels: medication
insulin type, injection quantity, time administered, injection site, boosters/vaccines
many factors influence your glucose levels: miscellaneous
hydration, stress, illness, dawn effect, honeymoon phase, travel/time zone change
T1 acute conditions
hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis
hypoglycemia
low blood glucose
hypoglycemia needs to be treated
quickly
hypoglycemia potential to
pass out
low blood sugars are ____ dangers whereas high blood sugars cause ____ issues
immediate, long term
hypoglycemia symptoms
shakiness, dizziness, sweating, hunger, headache, pale skin, sudden moodiness or behavior change, clumsy or jerky movements, difficulty paying attention or confusion, tingling sensations around the mouth, passing out
hypoglycemia causes
eating less CHO than planned
exercising more than planned
fastest way to raise blood glucose
quick ingestible sugar
fastest way to administer sugar is
under the tongue, or sprayed in the nasal cavity
hypoglycemia treatment
check glucose and ingest simple carbs based on rate of decline and activity; wait 15-20 min
hypoglycemia: if someone passes out:
no insulin injection
no foods or fluids
nasal spray
call emergency services
hyperglycemia
high blood glucose levels
hyperglycemia can be a serous long term problem if
untreated
hyperglycemia happens when
the body has too little insulin or cant use it properly
symptoms of hyperglycemia
high glucose concentration in urine
increased thirst, frequency urination
light tingling and constriction around the neck/throat
hyperglycemia causes
eating more CHO than planned
exercising less than planned
illness/vaccination
cortisone injection
stressful situation
hyperglycemia treatment: short term
insulin injection, exercise
hyperglycemia treatment: long term
dietary and/or insulin regiment modification
hyperglycemia treatment: four way balancing act
diet, mediation, exercise, lifestyle
ketones
acids that build up in the blood (lowers pH)
ketones are an indicator of
uncontrolled diabetes leading to ketoacidosis
ketones appear in urine when
body does not have enough insulin
ketone treatment
lifestyle modification and temporarily avoiding intense exercise
diabetes complications
nerve damage, vascular issues, extremity conditions, accelerated heart disease, increased stroke risk, dental health, trigger finger
most common form of diabetes
2
in type 2, body _____ and/or cells____
does not produce enough insulin
cannot metabolize glucose properly
type 2 treatment
oral medications and lifestyle modifications
T2 oral medications help in numerous ways
stop breakdown of starches
support circadian rhythm
decrease liver glycogen breakdown
send more glucose out through urine
stimulate pancreas to release insulin
increase muscle sensitivity to insulin
groups disproportionately affected by type 2
blacks, latinos, native Americans, aisan/Pacific Islanders, older individuals
thrifty gene theory
weight gain occurs more easily/rapidly to manage feast and famine
