DEVELOPMENTAL:EMOTIONAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

nativist theory of emotional development

Answer 1

• common mammalian heritage

- emotional development is genetically determined

Question 2

constructivist theory of emotional development

Answer 2

• importance of socialisation and cognition in emotional development
• interaction with environment is key to emotional development

Question 3

Darwin: the expression of emotions in man and animals

Answer 3

• emotions are as a result of evolution

- have evolved to serve a function

Question 4

when is the 6 basic emotions able to be recognised?

culturally?

Answer 4

shortly after birth

-cross cultural work suggests these are universal

Question 5

Babies orient towards face-like objects more than scrambled ones

Answer 5

• babies prefer to look at face-like stimuli

- and tho with blocks in face-like organisation over scrambled features

Question 6

newborns imitate adults

Answer 6

• tongue profusion, mouth opening

- as young as 45 minutes old

Question 7

emotional abilities of babies : infants

Answer 7

• prefer mothers own face
• prefer faces that are rated as attractive by adults
• even when different ethnicities are used

Question 8

10 week olds when mum shows angry face

Answer 8

goes still

Question 9

3 month olds responding to mum’s sad face

Answer 9

turning away and with distress

Question 10

social referencing :

visual cliff

Answer 10

12 month old on one side and mother on other side. If mother posed happy or interested, most infants crossed the glass. If mother posed scared, mist infants did not. Most 6 months olds refused to cross either way.

Question 11

pre school and primary school years emotion

Answer 11

• emergence of emotional language
• emergence of self consciousness emotions
• increased control of emotion:emotional regulation

Question 12

talking about emotions and others’ emotions between 1 1/2 and 3 years old

Answer 12

• increases
• this is with an increase in maternal talk abut emotions
• empathy emerges during the same period

Question 13

self conscious emotions: 2 years old

Answer 13

• emergence of guilt, shame, pride and embarrassment
• expressed in face but also in body
• driven by cognitive development but also comparing to others
• social influences from parental praise and criticism
• also for young children pride and shame when act has been observed by someone else

Question 14

full understanding of emotions only appears around …

Answer 14

7-8 years old

Question 15

individual differences in emotional processing:

autism

Answer 15

some evidence that it is impaired in autism but has been challenged (ToM)

Question 16

individual differences in emotional processing:

history of abuse

Answer 16

more sensitive to facial and vocal expressions of anger, accompanied by different brain processes

Question 17

individual differences in emotional processing:

psychopathic traits

Answer 17

show poor or no recognition of fear and sadness

Question 18

emotional regulation:

what are benefits?

Answer 18

• important for social interaction
• dealing with stressful experiences
• important for cognitive development: planning, working through tasks, inhibiting inappropriate responses

Question 19

Display rules

Answer 19

involves hiding feelings:
exist (but vary) across cultures to define socially acceptable expressions of emotion
-appears to more fully develop through ages 6-10 years

Question 20

Parenting differences on emotional regulation

Answer 20

• children of depressed parents (girls) less able to regulate their emotions
• sensitive parenting associated with better emotional regulation over controlling approaches

Question 21

Effort control

Answer 21

• regulate emotions due to differences in temperament
• emerges around 6-12 months
• part of Executive Functioning abilities

Question 22

finding of effortful control

Answer 22

• EC predicts ability to control emotions

- maternal responsiveness correlated with EC

Question 23

Social Cognition:

Theory of the Mind and false belief milestone at what age?

Answer 23

4-5 years old

Question 24

Joint attention between child and adult

Answer 24

• ability to attend to what others attend to and to use the social world
• at 6 months will follow adult’s eye gaze
• at 12 months they start pointing to draw attention to interests

Question 25

Imitating plausible and implausible actions

Answer 25

-14-month old children do not simple re-enact but imitate actions according

Question 26

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Pre-conventional morality

Answer 26

actual or anticipated punishments

Question 27

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
1.Pre-conventional morality:
punishment-obedience

Answer 27

obey rules and avoid punishment

Question 28

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
2.Pre-conventional morality:
instrumental-hedonistic

Answer 28

self-interest and gaining rewards

Question 29

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Conventional morality

Answer 29

conformity to expectations of social groups; adopts other peoples’ values

Question 30

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

3.Conventional morality: good child

Answer 30

gaining approval and maintaining good relationships with others

Question 31

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

4.Conventional morality: law and order

Answer 31

doing one’s duty, showing respect for authority and maintaining social order

Question 32

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Post-conventional morality

Answer 32

morals internalised as part of ones beliefs and values

Question 33

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
5. Post-conventional morality:
social contract

Answer 33

principles agreed but society that factor community welfare and individual rights

Question 34

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

6.Post-conventional morality: universal ethical principles

Answer 34

based on justice and equality; following one’s conscience