DEVELOPMENTAL:EMOTIONAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
nativist theory of emotional development
- common mammalian heritage
- emotional development is genetically determined
constructivist theory of emotional development
- importance of socialisation and cognition in emotional development
- interaction with environment is key to emotional development
Darwin: the expression of emotions in man and animals
- emotions are as a result of evolution
- have evolved to serve a function
when is the 6 basic emotions able to be recognised?
culturally?
shortly after birth
-cross cultural work suggests these are universal
Babies orient towards face-like objects more than scrambled ones
- babies prefer to look at face-like stimuli
- and tho with blocks in face-like organisation over scrambled features
newborns imitate adults
- tongue profusion, mouth opening
- as young as 45 minutes old
emotional abilities of babies : infants
- prefer mothers own face
- prefer faces that are rated as attractive by adults
- even when different ethnicities are used
10 week olds when mum shows angry face
goes still
3 month olds responding to mum’s sad face
turning away and with distress
social referencing :
visual cliff
12 month old on one side and mother on other side. If mother posed happy or interested, most infants crossed the glass. If mother posed scared, mist infants did not. Most 6 months olds refused to cross either way.
pre school and primary school years emotion
- emergence of emotional language
- emergence of self consciousness emotions
- increased control of emotion:emotional regulation
talking about emotions and others’ emotions between 1 1/2 and 3 years old
- increases
- this is with an increase in maternal talk abut emotions
- empathy emerges during the same period
self conscious emotions: 2 years old
- emergence of guilt, shame, pride and embarrassment
- expressed in face but also in body
- driven by cognitive development but also comparing to others
- social influences from parental praise and criticism
- also for young children pride and shame when act has been observed by someone else
full understanding of emotions only appears around …
7-8 years old
individual differences in emotional processing:
autism
some evidence that it is impaired in autism but has been challenged (ToM)
individual differences in emotional processing:
history of abuse
more sensitive to facial and vocal expressions of anger, accompanied by different brain processes
individual differences in emotional processing:
psychopathic traits
show poor or no recognition of fear and sadness
emotional regulation:
what are benefits?
- important for social interaction
- dealing with stressful experiences
- important for cognitive development: planning, working through tasks, inhibiting inappropriate responses
Display rules
involves hiding feelings:
exist (but vary) across cultures to define socially acceptable expressions of emotion
-appears to more fully develop through ages 6-10 years
Parenting differences on emotional regulation
- children of depressed parents (girls) less able to regulate their emotions
- sensitive parenting associated with better emotional regulation over controlling approaches
Effort control
- regulate emotions due to differences in temperament
- emerges around 6-12 months
- part of Executive Functioning abilities
finding of effortful control
- EC predicts ability to control emotions
- maternal responsiveness correlated with EC
Social Cognition:
Theory of the Mind and false belief milestone at what age?
4-5 years old
Joint attention between child and adult
- ability to attend to what others attend to and to use the social world
- at 6 months will follow adult’s eye gaze
- at 12 months they start pointing to draw attention to interests
Imitating plausible and implausible actions
-14-month old children do not simple re-enact but imitate actions according
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Pre-conventional morality
actual or anticipated punishments
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
1.Pre-conventional morality:
punishment-obedience
obey rules and avoid punishment
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
2.Pre-conventional morality:
instrumental-hedonistic
self-interest and gaining rewards
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Conventional morality
conformity to expectations of social groups; adopts other peoples’ values
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
3.Conventional morality: good child
gaining approval and maintaining good relationships with others
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
4.Conventional morality: law and order
doing one’s duty, showing respect for authority and maintaining social order
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Post-conventional morality
morals internalised as part of ones beliefs and values
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
5. Post-conventional morality:
social contract
principles agreed but society that factor community welfare and individual rights
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
6.Post-conventional morality: universal ethical principles
based on justice and equality; following one’s conscience
