BIOLOGICAL:EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

gradual change overtime in organic life from one form to another

Question 2

natural selection 
(Darwin)

Answer 2

characteristics that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction within a particular environment, will be preserved and therefore more frequent over time

Question 3

mutations

Answer 3

random events and accidents in gene replication during cell division

Question 4

dominant

Answer 4

characteristic that its controls will be displayed

Question 5

recessive

Answer 5

characteristic thats controls will not be shown unless the other inherited gene is also recessive

Question 6

allele

Answer 6

alternative forms of a gene that proceed different characteristics

Question 7

homozygous

Answer 7

same type of allele for a trait (both dominant or both recessive)

Question 8

heterozygous

Answer 8

different alleles for a trait (one dominant , one recessive)

Question 9

genotype

Answer 9

specific and complete genetic make up of the individual

Question 10

phenotype

Answer 10

individual’s observable characteristics which are influenced by the environment

Question 11

eugenics

Answer 11

improving the human race by encouraging ‘desirable’ human traits

Question 12

adaptations

Answer 12

changes that allow organisms to meet recurring environmental challenged to their survival, increasing their reproductive ability

Question 13

genes

Answer 13

functional segments of DNA that code for a particular protein (half of all goes target brain structure and functions)

Question 14

chromosome

Answer 14

a sing or double stranded structure comprising of DNA wrapped around histone proteins

Question 15

somatic

Answer 15

any cell forming the body

Question 16

diploid

Answer 16

two complete set software chromosomes

Question 17

gametes

Answer 17

sex cells

Question 18

haploid

Answer 18

half the amount of diploid / only one set of chromosomes

Question 19

zygote

Answer 19

fertilised egg containing 46 (human) chromosomes

Question 20

polygenic transmission

Answer 20

when a number of gene pairs combine their influences to create a a single phenotypic trait and this magnifies the possible variations in a trait that can occur

Question 21

behaviourists viewpoint of adaptation

Answer 21

learning experiences (that apply to all organisms) are inscribed on a blank slate

Question 22

ethology

Answer 22

each organism is biological prepared to act in certain ways because of evolution

Question 23

inherited behavioural adaptations

Answer 23

traits that organism are born with that help to promote their chances of survival and reproductive success

Question 24

behavioural genetion

Answer 24

examine how hereditary and environmental factors influence psychological characteristics

Question 25

degree of relatedness

Answer 25

number of genes we share with others

Question 26

concordance rates

Answer 26

statistical expression of the probability that two individuals with shared genes will share a particular trait to the same degree

Question 27

What is a benefit of twin studies when they have been separated at birth?

Answer 27

better evaluation of representative contributions of genes and environment

Question 28

heritability

Answer 28

estimating genetic influences

Question 29

heritability coefficient

Answer 29

extent to which the differences of variation in a phenotypic characteristic within a group can be as a result of their differing genes

Question 30

name some environmental determinants

Answer 30

- shared family environments - environmental enrichments and deprivation - educational experiences

Question 31

The Big Five

Answer 31

1. extraversion-introversion 2. agreeableness 3. conscientiousness 4. neuroticism 5. openness to experience

Question 32

differences in personality are due to ...

Answer 32

... differences in unique experiences

Question 33

reaction range

Answer 33

possibilities the upper and lower limits that the genetic code allows-individual inherits a range for potential intelligence but the environment effects where these fall between the boundaries (this is though to be the same for personality too)

Question 34

what effects intellectual growth other than genetic endowment and environmental factors

Answer 34

interests motivation personality

Question 35

gene-environment correlation

Answer 35

genes influence the environment the individual will experience

Question 36

passive gene-environment correlation | no action from the individual

Answer 36

association between the child's genetic inheritance and the environment in which they were raised

Question 37

evocative gene-environment correlation | effect on others

Answer 37

child's genetically influences behaviours evoke certain responses from others in the environment. eg. aloof vs sociable child results in different kinds of support given

Question 38

active gene-environment correlation

Answer 38

association between the genotype and environments which the genotype leads someone to seek out

Question 39

knock-out procedure

Answer 39

function of a gene is removed or eliminated to give an insight into its function

Question 40

knock-in procedure

Answer 40

a new gene is inserted into an animal at embryonic stage

Question 41

genetic screening

Answer 41

for genetic diseases or abnormalities

Question 42

evolutionary psychology

Answer 42

seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern human behaviour

Question 43

For the good of the gene : natural selection... success=

Answer 43

...favours the genes deemed to lead the most reproductive success =estimated number of copies of individual genes that survive into the future

Question 44

kin selection

Answer 44

behaviours are seated that favour the reproductive success of an organism's relatives even if it is at a cost of the organisms's own survival and reproduction

Question 45

reciprocal altruism

Answer 45

an organism that recurs its fitness to survive and reproduce whilst increasing another's fitness; undertaken with the expectation that the favour will be returned

Question 46

Evolution may provide humans with species-typical behaviour patterns...

Answer 46

...not environmental inputs influence how these are manifested

Question 47

directional selection

Answer 47

a trait confers an advantage and therefore gets passed on to subsequent generations

Question 48

stabilising selection

Answer 48

a trait is disadvantages and tends to disappear in subsequent generations

Question 49

``` diversifying selection (speciation) ```

Answer 49

traits become so distinct that different species emerge

Question 50

inclusive fitness

Answer 50

both off spring and genetic relatives survive to pass on genes to the next generation