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PSYC1031 TERM 1 EXAM > BIOLOGICAL:NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL:NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

transmit electrical and chemical signals

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2
Q

glail cells

A

support and supply cells, surround neurons

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3
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry input messages from sensory organs to the spinal cord or the brain

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4
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit output from the spinal cord or brain to muscles and organs

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5
Q

interneurons

A

connective and associative functions

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6
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all neural structures that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

somantic nervous system

A

voluntary
specialised sensory neurons to sensory nerves
motor neurons to motor nerves

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary
respiration, circulation, digestion, stress responses…
glands, heart, blood vessels, lining of the stomach

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9
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

activation

fight or flight

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10
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

inhibitory

more specific

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11
Q

The central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

what is the spinal cord made up of?

A

white matter and grey matter

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13
Q

where do sensory and motor neurons enter or exit the spinal cord?

A

sensory neurons enter at the back…

…motor neurons exit the front

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14
Q

what do spinal reflexes do

A

use interneurons

reduce harm

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15
Q

In the brain, what makes up white and grey matter

A

grey matter is the cell bodied of neurons and dendrites

white matter is the axons of neurons

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16
Q

dendrites

A

collect messages from neighbouring neurons ad send them to the soma

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17
Q

axon

A

conducts electrical impulses away from the soma to the neurons, muscles and glands

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18
Q

describe the electrical activity of neurons

A 
resting potential (polarised -70mV)
depolarisation 
action potential (40mV)
repolarisation
resting potential (polarised)
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19
Q

what is the absolute refractory period?

A

membrane cannot excite and cannot discharge another impulse-this ensures impulses are discrete and in one direction

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20
Q

what is the all or nothing principle?

and graded potentials?

A

-50mV action potential threshold is reached

graded potentials do not reach this

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21
Q

salutatory conduction

A

impulses jumps between nodes, missing what is myelinated

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22
Q

how does damage to neurons cause multiple sclerosis?

A

the immune system attacks the myelin sheath and therefore the timings of impulses are disrupted leading to jerky, uncoordinated movement and eventually paralysis

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released by nerve cells that willow communication between them

24
Q

what are the five stages of neurotransmission?

A 
synthesis
storage
release
binding
deactivation
25
Q

excitatory action of neurotransmission

A

Na+ channels on postsynaptic neuron open

26
Q

inhibitory action of neurotransmission

A

K+ out or Cl- in, increasing negative potential, making it harder to fire

27
Q

give an example of a neuromodulator and what it does

A

endorphins

modulate activity of diverse populations of neurons

28
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory?
Effect?
Acetylcholine

A

excitatory

muscular movement and memory

29
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory?
Effect?
Noradrenaline
(don’t confuse with adrenaline)

A

excitatory and inhibitory

learning, memory, wakefulness and eating

30
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory?
Effect?
Serotonin

A

inhibitory or excitatory

mood, sleep, arousal, pleasure and pain

31
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory?
Effect?
dopamine

A

excitatory

emotional arousal, learning, memory, pleasure and pain

32
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory?
Effect?
GABA

A

inhibitory

motor system

33
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory?
Effect?
Endorphin

A 
inhibits
pain impulses (neuromoderator)
34
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory?
Effect?
Glutamate

A

excitatory

mediator of excitatory info in the nervous system

35
Q

agonist drugs…

A

…increase neurotransmitter activity

36
Q

antagonist drugs…

A

…decreases or inhibits neurotransmitter activity

37
Q

psychoactive drugs…

A

…produce alterations in consciousness, emotion and behaviour

38
Q

what happens with reward pathways

A

once pleasure is experienced, it leads to increased temptation. More frequent=more tolerant= more needed to reach pleasure. this is seen in addictive drugs

39
Q

neuropsychology

A

study of brain function having depicted effects of damage

40
Q

what do neuropsychological tests do?

A
  • measure verbal and non verbal behaviours
  • indicates type and severity of damage
  • also used for learning disabilities and developmental disorders
41
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

double disassociation

A

damage in temporal lobe, primarily manifested as difficulties with speech comprehension

42
Q

Broca’s aphasia

double dissociation

A

damage in frontal lobe, manifested as difficulties with speech production

43
Q

what happens in lesion studies in animals?

A

specific nervous tissue is destroyed with electricity, cold, heat or chemicals or even surgically removed

44
Q

what is electoral recording?

A

for example,e inserting small electrodes in particular brain areas
used for small number of neurons
Hubel and Weisel

45
Q

What happens in Electroencephalography?

A
  • records neural activity from the surface of the scalp

- non specific but useful for firings that correspond to states of consciousness

46
Q

What happens in Magnetoencephalography?

A
  • a brain imaging methods that detects activity via magnetic fields generate by the brain activity
  • identifies areas
47
Q

what does MRI do?

m=magnetic

A
  • creates images based on how atoms in living tissue reposed to magnetic pulse
  • the brain emits a radio signal which is detected and mapped
48
Q

what does DTI do?

d=diffuse

A
  • measures how water molecules diffuse in tissue

- gives an indication how pathways and tracts are aligned in the brain

49
Q

what does fMRI do?

blood

A
  • pictures of blood flow in the brain

- highest concentrations of oxygenated blood= most activity

50
Q

what does PET do?

glucose

A
  • injected radioactive form of glucose

- measure activity by emitted energy and label neurotransmitters

51
Q

what does fNIRS do?

light and blood

A
  • shining light onto brain and measuring ways in which it is reflected
  • blood absorbs the light so activity can be seen
  • less precise, inexpensive and the patient can move
52
Q

chemical stimulation

A

chemicals inserted into a certain area

53
Q

electrical stimulation

A

insertion of electrodes

54
Q

what does TMS do?

coil

A
  • electrical stimulation of a targeted part of the brain via magnetic pulses sent from an electromagnetic coil
  • mimicks the effect of focal brain damage
55
Q

what does TES do?

scalp

A

-electrical stimulation of the brain by applying a low current to the scalp

56
Q

Four structural divisions within neurons

  • post synaptic membrane
  • cell body and axon hillock
  • axon
  • pre synaptic membrane
A
  1. input zone-the post synaptic membrane
  2. integration zone- the cell body and axon hillock(start of the axon)
  3. conduction zone-the axon
  4. output zone- the pre synaptic membrane

PSYC1031 TERM 1 EXAM (12 decks)

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