BIOLOGICAL:MOTIVATION Flashcards by Katie Read

motivation

a process that influences the direction, persistence and vigour of goal-directed behaviour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

instincts

inherited characteristic common to all members of a species that automatically produces a particular response when exposed to a particular stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gene knockout experiments

disable certain genes and examine effect on motivation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

twin and adoption studies

strong hereditary account for differences in motivation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

modern evolutionary psychologists

human motives have evolutionary underpinnings expressed through genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

drive theory

physiological disruptions to homeostasis produces drives

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

drives

state of internal tension that motivates an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

learned helplessness

learning unpleasant stimuli cannot be avoided or controlled

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

behavioural activation system

roused to action by signals of potential reward and positive need gratification
change and novelty
e. g. pride, elation, hope

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

behavioural inhibition system

response to signal potential pain, non-reinforcement and punishment
familiarity
e. g. fear, escape ,guilt

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social Cognitive Theories of Motivation

incentives

environmental stimuli that pull an organism towards a goal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social Cognitive Theories of Motivation

expectancy x value theory= motivation

Goa directed behaviour jointly determined by the strength of the expectation that behaviour will result in the goal and the incentive value place by the individual on that goal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social Cognitive Theories of Motivation

extrinsic motivation

preforming an activity to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social Cognitive Theories of Motivation

intrinsic motivation

performing an activity for its own sake

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

Psychodynamic theory

Dual insect model-sting drives are around sex and aggression, from the unconscious mind

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

Maslow’s Hierachy

deficiency needs then move onto growth needs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

self actualisation

need to fulfil potential

perfect ourselves cognitively, artistically and socially

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

self-transcendence

committing oneself to the welfare of others, spiritual fulfilment and commitment to a cause higher than oneself

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Self Determination Theory

developed out of research on effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation
three competence needs: competence, relatedness and autonomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Self Determination Theory

need for competence

desire to master new challenges and to perfect skills -intrinsic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Self Determination Theory

needs for autonomy

need to have control over their own life

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Self Determination Theory

need for relatedness

desire to form meaningful bonds with others -freer to be oneself

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Positive Psychology

conditions and processes that contribute to optimal functioning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Positive Psychology

flow

a state of total involvement
optimal concentration
highest form of intrinsic motivation
act at peak capacity were challenges are balanced by skills
reported by those who have considerable achievements in science, literature, music and sport

metabolism

the body's rate of energy utilisation

set point

biologically determines standard (zone or range) around which body weight is regulated

signals that regulate general appetite and weight | leptin

hormone secreted by fat cells which decrease appetite and increases energy expenditure

signals that regulate general appetite and weight | ob (obesity) gene

directs cells to produce leptin | mutation=lack of leptin=overeating

Brain mechanisms What was originally thought: lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus

LH='hunger on' centre | VH= 'hunger off' centre

Brain mechanisms | Paraventricular nucleus

cluster of neurons packed with receptor sites for transmitters that stimulates or reduces appetite

When food has been consumed to satiety, neurons in the lateral hypothalamus...

...stop responding but fire to other types of food

hippocampus inhibits eating between meals and overeating...

...damages its function, leading to over eating

what are the differences in body images between females and males

women commonly 'too fat' | men commonly 'too thin'

what three factors can increase food consumption

- good tasting foods - variety of foods - eating with others

four reasons for obesity

- inexpensive tasty foods high in fat and carbs - cultural emphasis on getting the best value - decreased need for physical activity - high levels of dopamine in 'reward pathways'

three causes of anorexia

- perfectionist, high achievers who have high self standards - battle of success and control - pushy parenting

three causes of bulimia

- depressed and anxious, low impulsive control - triggered often by stress and negative mood - guilt and anxiety follow the binge but this is reduced by the purge

stomach acids expelled into the mouth during vomiting causes those...

...with bulimia to lose taste sensitivity, making the unpleasant taste of vomiting more tolerable

Drive reduction theory

internal push of the drive is complemented by the external pull of the incentive

set point theory

individuals naturally gravitate towards particular states as if governed by control mechanisms e.g. biological systems

settling point theory

The leaky barrel model | bodily systems find a natural balance based on the input and output of the system

``` glucostatic theory (short term) ```

eating initiated when blood glucose levels fall below a certain point and ends when blood glucose rises above a particular point

``` lipostatic theory (long term) ```

individuals have a set point of body fat and deviations produce either an increase or decrease in eating

the Endocrine system and sexual development and reproductive behaviour

Androgens and Estrogens are the most common gonadal hormones which are released by both ovaries and testes. Female gonadal hormone levels are cyclical but males are steady. This is controlled by the hypothalamus also which control release from the pituitary gland

3 cultural and environmental influences of sex

- sexual customs - media - pornography

sexual orientation

one's emotion and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex

The Coolidge Effect

males allowed to copulate with a receptive female, to the point of exhaustion, will become sexually active again if a new receptive female is introduced-similar in females but not as strong

Achievement motivation | need for achievement

positive desire to accomplish tasks and complete successfully with standards of excellence

Achievement motivation | achievement goal theory

manner in which success is defined by individual and within the achievement situation itself

Achievement motivation | mastery orientation/approach goals

focus on personal improvement, giving maximum effort and perfecting new skills

Achievement motivation | ego orientation/ approach goals

the goal is to outperform others, being judged favourable relative to others competitive

Achievement motivation | motivational climate

encourages or rewards either a mastery approach or an ego approach in defining success

Achievement motivation | high need achievers...

... have a strong motive for success and low fear of failure -they seek difficult tasks that are challenging but attainable

Achievement motivation | low need achievers ...

...are more likely to choose easy tasks where success is assured or very hard tasks where success is not expected

Achievement motivation | mastery-avoidance goals

a fear of not performing up to one's own standards

Achievement motivation | ego-avoidance goals

avoiding being out performed by others

motivational conflict | approach-approach conflict

face two attractive alternatives and selecting one means losing the other

motivational conflict | avoidance-avoidance conflict

must choose between two undesirable alternatives

motivational conflict | approach-avoidance conflict

being attracted to and repelled by the same goal