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PSYC1031 TERM 1 EXAM > BIOLOGICAL:MOTIVATION > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL:MOTIVATION Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a process that influences the direction, persistence and vigour of goal-directed behaviour

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2
Q

instincts

A

inherited characteristic common to all members of a species that automatically produces a particular response when exposed to a particular stimulus

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3
Q

gene knockout experiments

A

disable certain genes and examine effect on motivation

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4
Q

twin and adoption studies

A

strong hereditary account for differences in motivation

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5
Q

modern evolutionary psychologists

A

human motives have evolutionary underpinnings expressed through genes

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6
Q

drive theory

A

physiological disruptions to homeostasis produces drives

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7
Q

drives

A

state of internal tension that motivates an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension

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8
Q

learned helplessness

A

learning unpleasant stimuli cannot be avoided or controlled

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9
Q

behavioural activation system

A
  • roused to action by signals of potential reward and positive need gratification
  • change and novelty
    e. g. pride, elation, hope
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10
Q

behavioural inhibition system

A
  • response to signal potential pain, non-reinforcement and punishment
  • familiarity
    e. g. fear, escape ,guilt
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11
Q

Social Cognitive Theories of Motivation

incentives

A

environmental stimuli that pull an organism towards a goal

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12
Q

Social Cognitive Theories of Motivation

expectancy x value theory= motivation

A

Goa directed behaviour jointly determined by the strength of the expectation that behaviour will result in the goal and the incentive value place by the individual on that goal

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13
Q

Social Cognitive Theories of Motivation

extrinsic motivation

A

preforming an activity to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment

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14
Q

Social Cognitive Theories of Motivation

intrinsic motivation

A

performing an activity for its own sake

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15
Q

Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

Psychodynamic theory

A

Dual insect model-sting drives are around sex and aggression, from the unconscious mind

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16
Q

Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

Maslow’s Hierachy

A

deficiency needs then move onto growth needs

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17
Q

Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

self actualisation

A

need to fulfil potential

perfect ourselves cognitively, artistically and socially

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18
Q

Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

self-transcendence

A

committing oneself to the welfare of others, spiritual fulfilment and commitment to a cause higher than oneself

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19
Q

Self Determination Theory

A

developed out of research on effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation
three competence needs: competence, relatedness and autonomy

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20
Q

Self Determination Theory

need for competence

A

desire to master new challenges and to perfect skills -intrinsic

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21
Q

Self Determination Theory

needs for autonomy

A

need to have control over their own life

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22
Q

Self Determination Theory

need for relatedness

A

desire to form meaningful bonds with others -freer to be oneself

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23
Q

Positive Psychology

A

conditions and processes that contribute to optimal functioning

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24
Q

Positive Psychology

flow

A
  • a state of total involvement
  • optimal concentration
  • highest form of intrinsic motivation
  • act at peak capacity were challenges are balanced by skills
  • reported by those who have considerable achievements in science, literature, music and sport
25
Q

metabolism

A

the body’s rate of energy utilisation

26
Q

set point

A

biologically determines standard (zone or range) around which body weight is regulated

27
Q

signals that regulate general appetite and weight

leptin

A

hormone secreted by fat cells which decrease appetite and increases energy expenditure

28
Q

signals that regulate general appetite and weight

ob (obesity) gene

A

directs cells to produce leptin

mutation=lack of leptin=overeating

29
Q

Brain mechanisms
What was originally thought:
lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus

A

LH=’hunger on’ centre

VH= ‘hunger off’ centre

30
Q

Brain mechanisms

Paraventricular nucleus

A

cluster of neurons packed with receptor sites for transmitters that stimulates or reduces appetite

31
Q

When food has been consumed to satiety, neurons in the lateral hypothalamus…

A

…stop responding but fire to other types of food

32
Q

hippocampus inhibits eating between meals and overeating…

A

…damages its function, leading to over eating

33
Q

what are the differences in body images between females and males

A

women commonly ‘too fat’

men commonly ‘too thin’

34
Q

what three factors can increase food consumption

A
  • good tasting foods
  • variety of foods
  • eating with others
35
Q

four reasons for obesity

A
  • inexpensive tasty foods high in fat and carbs
  • cultural emphasis on getting the best value
  • decreased need for physical activity
  • high levels of dopamine in ‘reward pathways’
36
Q

three causes of anorexia

A
  • perfectionist, high achievers who have high self standards
  • battle of success and control
  • pushy parenting
37
Q

three causes of bulimia

A
  • depressed and anxious, low impulsive control
  • triggered often by stress and negative mood
  • guilt and anxiety follow the binge but this is reduced by the purge
38
Q

stomach acids expelled into the mouth during vomiting causes those…

A

…with bulimia to lose taste sensitivity, making the unpleasant taste of vomiting more tolerable

39
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

internal push of the drive is complemented by the external pull of the incentive

40
Q

set point theory

A

individuals naturally gravitate towards particular states as if governed by control mechanisms
e.g. biological systems

41
Q

settling point theory

A

The leaky barrel model

bodily systems find a natural balance based on the input and output of the system

42
Q 
glucostatic theory 
(short term)
A

eating initiated when blood glucose levels fall below a certain point and ends when blood glucose rises above a particular point

43
Q 
lipostatic theory 
(long term)
A

individuals have a set point of body fat and deviations produce either an increase or decrease in eating

44
Q

the Endocrine system and sexual development and reproductive behaviour

A

Androgens and Estrogens are the most common gonadal hormones which are released by both ovaries and testes.
Female gonadal hormone levels are cyclical but males are steady.
This is controlled by the hypothalamus also which control release from the pituitary gland

45
Q

3 cultural and environmental influences of sex

A
  • sexual customs
  • media
  • pornography
46
Q

sexual orientation

A

one’s emotion and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex

47
Q

The Coolidge Effect

A

males allowed to copulate with a receptive female, to the point of exhaustion, will become sexually active again if a new receptive female is introduced-similar in females but not as strong

48
Q

Achievement motivation

need for achievement

A

positive desire to accomplish tasks and complete successfully with standards of excellence

49
Q

Achievement motivation

achievement goal theory

A

manner in which success is defined by individual and within the achievement situation itself

50
Q

Achievement motivation

mastery orientation/approach goals

A

focus on personal improvement, giving maximum effort and perfecting new skills

51
Q

Achievement motivation

ego orientation/ approach goals

A

the goal is to outperform others,
being judged favourable relative to others
competitive

52
Q

Achievement motivation

motivational climate

A

encourages or rewards either a mastery approach or an ego approach in defining success

53
Q

Achievement motivation

high need achievers…

A

… have a strong motive for success and low fear of failure -they seek difficult tasks that are challenging but attainable

54
Q

Achievement motivation

low need achievers …

A

…are more likely to choose easy tasks where success is assured or very hard tasks where success is not expected

55
Q

Achievement motivation

mastery-avoidance goals

A

a fear of not performing up to one’s own standards

56
Q

Achievement motivation

ego-avoidance goals

A

avoiding being out performed by others

57
Q

motivational conflict

approach-approach conflict

A

face two attractive alternatives and selecting one means losing the other

58
Q

motivational conflict

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

must choose between two undesirable alternatives

59
Q

motivational conflict

approach-avoidance conflict

A

being attracted to and repelled by the same goal

PSYC1031 TERM 1 EXAM (12 decks)

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