BIOLOGICAL: BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR Flashcards

1
Q

The Hindbrain

A

lowest and most primitive level

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2
Q

brain stem

A

supports a number of vital physiological functions

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3
Q

medulla

A

important in vital body functions such as heart rate and respiration
the first structure above the spinal cord so acts as a through for all sensory and motor neurons

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4
Q

the cerebellum: motor co-ordination centre

A
  • concerned with movement and coordination but also some memory and learning
  • specific movements are initiated higher in the brain but timing and coordination is dependent on the cerebellum
  • regulates complex and rapidly changing movement tat requires precise timing (sports)
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5
Q

the Midbrain

A

clusters of sensory and motor neurons

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6
Q

The reticular formation:

the gate keeper

A
  • alerting high centres of the brain that the messages are coming and either blocking or allowing the messages to go forward
  • ascending =alerts
  • descending= admit or block
  • consciousness, sleep and attention
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7
Q

The Forebrain

A

most recently evolved

the major brain structure

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8
Q

the thalamus:

sensory switchboard

A
  • inputs from sensory organs and routes to the appropriate areas
  • contains visual, auditory, and body senses relay stations
  • disrupted functioning results in confusion in sensory experiences or hallucinations
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9
Q

the hypothalamus:

motivation and emotion

A
  • major role in sexual behaviour, temperature regulation , sleeping, eating, drinking and aggression
  • connections with endocrine system and pituitary gland
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10
Q

the limbic system:
memory, emotion and goal-directed behaviour
(made of two things )

A
  • coordinated behaviour needed to satisfy motivational and emotional urges from the hypothalamus
  • hippocampus=forms and retrieves memories
  • amygdala= underlies emotional behaviours such as aggression and fear and establishes emotional memories
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11
Q

the cerebral cortex:

crown of the brain

A
  • essential for human functioning
  • divided into fissures
  • frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobe
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12
Q

the motor cortex

A
  • controls many muscles involved in voluntary movement

- each hemisphere governs movement on the opposite side of the body

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13
Q

the somatosensory cortex

A

receives sensory input that gives rise to heat, cold and touch, senses of balance and body movement

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14
Q

association cortex

A
  • perception, language and thought

- allows us the acquire mental skills specific to out human way of life

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15
Q

the frontal lobes: the human difference

A
  • selfawareness, planning, initiative and responsibility

- emoitonal experience

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16
Q

the prefrontal cortex

A

-executive functions such as mental strategic planning and impulsive control

17
Q

corpss callosum

A

a neural bridge creating major links between the two hemispheres and allows them to function together

18
Q

lateralisation

A

greater localisation of a function in one hemisphere over another

19
Q

the split brain: dividing the hemispheres

A

left: language
right: memory and emotion

20
Q

neural plasticity

A

ability of neurons and brain areas and networks to change in structure and function

21
Q

what was the effect on infants with more positive tactile experiences

A

faster neurological development

22
Q

what was the difference between left handed violinists to right

A

left had larger somatosensory area in their right hemisphere

23
Q

what effect on lateralisation has being Chinese speaking to English

A

less left hemispheric lateralisation in Chinese (symbols) than English (alphabet)

24
Q

neurogenesis

A

production of neurons in the nervous system

25
Q

cognitive neurogenomics

A

how the genome influences the development of cognitive function of the nervous system

26
Q

neural stem cells

A

can specialise into a required neutron or glail cell

injected into the brain, travelling to developing or degenerating area and repairs, heals and restores functions

27
Q

the endocrine system

A

numerous hormone secreting glands distributed throughout the body

28
Q

The frontal lobe

A

interpretation of multimodal information, the planning and initiation of complex action

29
Q

the parietal lobe

A

involved in the interpretation of sensory information

30
Q

the temporal lobe

A

control and interpretation of emotions and formation and stage of memory

31
Q

the occipital lobe

A

involved in vision

32
Q

mentalism

A

cognition and emotion are completely separate from the body

33
Q

dualism

A

abilities are produced by the physical workings of the body and brain but the mind, controls rational behaviour is nonmaterial and separate from the body

34
Q

materialism

A

the working of the body and brain produced all behaviour

35
Q

reductionism

higher and lower level

A

high level processes can be explained in terms of lower level processes

36
Q

motosensory homunculus

A

each body area proportional to the regions of sensitivity