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PSYC1031 TERM 1 EXAM > BIOLOGICAL:LEARNING THEORY > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL:LEARNING THEORY Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the process by which experience produces an enduring and adaptive change in behaviour

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2
Q

habituation

A

decrease in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus
decreases arousal to conserve energy

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3
Q

sensitisation

A

increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus
increases arousal for interests and survival

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4
Q 
classical conditioning 
(Pavlov's dogs)
A

learn to associate two stimulus such that one stimulus comes to elicit a reopen that was originally elect only by the other stimulus

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5
Q

Acquisition

A

when the response is learnt

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6
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

elicits a reflective or innate response

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7
Q

unconditioned response

A

a reflective or innate response that is elicited

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8
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

through association to the unconditioned stimulus, cones to an elicit, conditioned response and becomes more repaid when the unconditioned stimulus is more intense

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9
Q

conditioned response

A

a response elicit by a conditioned stimulus

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10
Q

simultaneous pairing

A

conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are present at the same time

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11
Q

backward pairing

A

unconditioned stimulus then the conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

forward short delay

A

conditioned stimulus then a short delay then the unconditioned stimulus joins

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13
Q

forward trace pairing

A

conditioned stimulus starts then stops and then the unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

classical conditioning is a its strongest when

4 things

A
  1. conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus pairings are repeated
  2. when the unconditioned stimulus is more intense
  3. when using forward pairing
  4. when there is a short time interval between the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus
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15
Q

extinction

A

the conditioned stimulus is presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus causing the conditioned response to weaken and eventually disappear (it is not unlearned but inhibited)

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16
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period and without new learning trials

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17
Q

temporal contiguity

A

the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus presented close together in time so that the conditioned stimulus predicts the unconditioned stimulus = the unconditioned stimulus is contingent on the conditioned stimulus

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18
Q

stimulus generalisation

A

stimuli similar to initial conditioned stimulus with elicited. conditioned response (survival)

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19
Q

discrimination

A

when a conditioned response occurs to one stimulus but not others (conserves energy)

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20
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being piers with an already establishes conditioned stimulus -the conditioned response is weather and extinguishes more rapidly

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21
Q

Three methods of acquiring and overcoming fear in practise:

A

Exposure therapies-allows extinction
Systematic desensitisation- relax techniques and gradual exposure
Flooding - immediate exposure

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22
Q

operant conditioning

Skinner

A

learning in which behaviour is influences but the consequences that follow it

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23
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect
(instrumental learning/ operant)
and example

A

a response followed by satisfying consequences will become more likely to occur, the opposite for annoying consequences (puzzle box)

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24
Q

reinforcement

A

response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it

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25
Q

punishment

A

response is weakened by the following outcome

26
Q

discriminative stimulus

almost prediction

A

signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences

27
Q

positive reinforcement

A

response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

28
Q

primary reinforcers

A

such as food and water that an organism naturally finds reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

29
Q

secondary rienforcers

A

acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers

30
Q

negative rienforcement

A

a response strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus

31
Q

operant extinction

A

weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

32
Q

positive punishment

aversive punishment /punishment by application

A

response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

33
Q

negative punishment

response cost

A

response is weakened by the removal of a stimulus

34
Q

shaping

method of successive approximations

A

rienforcing successive approximations towards a final response

35
Q

chaining

A

develops a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response

36
Q

operant generalisation

A

an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one

37
Q

operant discrimination

A

an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not another

38
Q

what purpose is stimulus control?

A

behaviour is only influences by stimuli that has been discriminated

39
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

every response is reinforced

40
Q

partial reinforcement

and 4 types

A

on a proportion of the responses of a particular type is reinforced

  • ratio schedules
  • fixed (number) schedules
  • interval (time)schedules
  • variable (number) schedules
41
Q

escape conditioning

A

learnt repose that terminated an aversive stimulus

42
Q

avoidance conditioning

A

the organism learns a response too avoid an aversive stimulus

43
Q

biological prepardness

A

animals are biologically pre-disposed to learn some associations more easily than others

44
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

a conditioned response where taste of food becomes disgusting and repulsive (e.g. during pregnancy)

45
Q

Relational frame theory

A

lent language though interactions with the environment

46
Q

cognition and conditioning - insight

A

the sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem

47
Q

latent learning

A

learning that is not demonstrated until later, when there is an incentive to perform

48
Q

expectancy models

A

how well the conditioned stimulus predicts the appearance of the unconditioned stimulus

49
Q

Rescorla-Wagner theory

A

the strength of conditioning is determines by haw surprising the unconditioned stimulus is

50
Q 
latent inhibition
(time but more importantly the fact its on its own)
A

weakening of classical conditioning due to the prior presentation of the conditioned stimulus on its own

51
Q

attentional theories of classical conditioning

A

strength of conditioning is determines by how much attention is paid to the conditions stimulus during the learning

52
Q

observational learning

A

learning that occurs by observing the behaviour of a model

53
Q

social cognitive learning theory

A

people learn by observing the behaviour models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviours to influence events in their lives

54
Q

self efficacy

A

people’s beliefs that they have the capability to perform behaviours that will produce a desired outcome-motivational factor

55
Q

the Hebb rule

A

learning through connections

56
Q

neural network models

memory

A

each memory is reprinted by unique patterns of interconnected and simultaneously activated nodes

57
Q

offline leanring or consolidation

A

certain learned skills are observable after we have been asleep- active processes in our brains consolidate what we have learnt whilst we sleep

58
Q

what happens in late adulthood?

A

exposure to stimulating environments and new learning opportunities seems to slow declines in brain functioning

59
Q

The law of Exercise

A

when one response becomes sufficiently more frequent and recent than other possible responses, it will become the presiosne most likely to be elicited by the situation

60
Q

whenever a response reduced the level of a drive…

A

… the stimulus response association was strengthened

61
Q

Modern associative learning theory

events

A

A-> B
A-> no B
A and B are unrelated

PSYC1031 TERM 1 EXAM (12 decks)

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