BIOLOGICAL:LEARNING THEORY

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the process by which experience produces an enduring and adaptive change in behaviour

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

decrease in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus
decreases arousal to conserve energy

Question 3

sensitisation

Answer 3

increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus
increases arousal for interests and survival

Question 4

classical conditioning 
(Pavlov's dogs)

Answer 4

learn to associate two stimulus such that one stimulus comes to elicit a reopen that was originally elect only by the other stimulus

Question 5

Acquisition

Answer 5

when the response is learnt

Question 6

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

elicits a reflective or innate response

Question 7

unconditioned response

Answer 7

a reflective or innate response that is elicited

Question 8

conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

through association to the unconditioned stimulus, cones to an elicit, conditioned response and becomes more repaid when the unconditioned stimulus is more intense

Question 9

conditioned response

Answer 9

a response elicit by a conditioned stimulus

Question 10

simultaneous pairing

Answer 10

conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are present at the same time

Question 11

backward pairing

Answer 11

unconditioned stimulus then the conditioned stimulus

Question 12

forward short delay

Answer 12

conditioned stimulus then a short delay then the unconditioned stimulus joins

Question 13

forward trace pairing

Answer 13

conditioned stimulus starts then stops and then the unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

classical conditioning is a its strongest when

4 things

Answer 14

1. conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus pairings are repeated
2. when the unconditioned stimulus is more intense
3. when using forward pairing
4. when there is a short time interval between the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

the conditioned stimulus is presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus causing the conditioned response to weaken and eventually disappear (it is not unlearned but inhibited)

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period and without new learning trials

Question 17

temporal contiguity

Answer 17

the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus presented close together in time so that the conditioned stimulus predicts the unconditioned stimulus = the unconditioned stimulus is contingent on the conditioned stimulus

Question 18

stimulus generalisation

Answer 18

stimuli similar to initial conditioned stimulus with elicited. conditioned response (survival)

Question 19

discrimination

Answer 19

when a conditioned response occurs to one stimulus but not others (conserves energy)

Question 20

higher-order conditioning

Answer 20

a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being piers with an already establishes conditioned stimulus -the conditioned response is weather and extinguishes more rapidly

Question 21

Three methods of acquiring and overcoming fear in practise:

Answer 21

Exposure therapies-allows extinction
Systematic desensitisation- relax techniques and gradual exposure
Flooding - immediate exposure

Question 22

operant conditioning

Skinner

Answer 22

learning in which behaviour is influences but the consequences that follow it

Question 23

Thorndike’s law of effect
(instrumental learning/ operant)
and example

Answer 23

a response followed by satisfying consequences will become more likely to occur, the opposite for annoying consequences (puzzle box)

Question 24

reinforcement

Answer 24

response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it

Question 25

punishment

Answer 25

response is weakened by the following outcome

Question 26

discriminative stimulus | almost prediction

Answer 26

signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences

Question 27

positive reinforcement

Answer 27

response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

Question 28

primary reinforcers

Answer 28

such as food and water that an organism naturally finds reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Question 29

secondary rienforcers

Answer 29

acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers

Question 30

negative rienforcement

Answer 30

a response strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Question 31

operant extinction

Answer 31

weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

Question 32

positive punishment | aversive punishment /punishment by application

Answer 32

response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

Question 33

negative punishment | response cost

Answer 33

response is weakened by the removal of a stimulus

Question 34

shaping | method of successive approximations

Answer 34

rienforcing successive approximations towards a final response

Question 35

chaining

Answer 35

develops a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response

Question 36

operant generalisation

Answer 36

an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one

Question 37

operant discrimination

Answer 37

an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not another

Question 38

what purpose is stimulus control?

Answer 38

behaviour is only influences by stimuli that has been discriminated

Question 39

continuous reinforcement

Answer 39

every response is reinforced

Question 40

partial reinforcement | and 4 types

Answer 40

on a proportion of the responses of a particular type is reinforced - ratio schedules - fixed (number) schedules - interval (time)schedules - variable (number) schedules

Question 41

escape conditioning

Answer 41

learnt repose that terminated an aversive stimulus

Question 42

avoidance conditioning

Answer 42

the organism learns a response too avoid an aversive stimulus

Question 43

biological prepardness

Answer 43

animals are biologically pre-disposed to learn some associations more easily than others

Question 44

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 44

a conditioned response where taste of food becomes disgusting and repulsive (e.g. during pregnancy)

Question 45

Relational frame theory

Answer 45

lent language though interactions with the environment

Question 46

cognition and conditioning - insight

Answer 46

the sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem

Question 47

latent learning

Answer 47

learning that is not demonstrated until later, when there is an incentive to perform

Question 48

expectancy models

Answer 48

how well the conditioned stimulus predicts the appearance of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 49

Rescorla-Wagner theory

Answer 49

the strength of conditioning is determines by haw surprising the unconditioned stimulus is

Question 50

``` latent inhibition (time but more importantly the fact its on its own) ```

Answer 50

weakening of classical conditioning due to the prior presentation of the conditioned stimulus on its own

Question 51

attentional theories of classical conditioning

Answer 51

strength of conditioning is determines by how much attention is paid to the conditions stimulus during the learning

Question 52

observational learning

Answer 52

learning that occurs by observing the behaviour of a model

Question 53

social cognitive learning theory

Answer 53

people learn by observing the behaviour models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviours to influence events in their lives

Question 54

self efficacy

Answer 54

people's beliefs that they have the capability to perform behaviours that will produce a desired outcome-motivational factor

Question 55

the Hebb rule

Answer 55

learning through connections

Question 56

neural network models | memory

Answer 56

each memory is reprinted by unique patterns of interconnected and simultaneously activated nodes

Question 57

offline leanring or consolidation

Answer 57

certain learned skills are observable after we have been asleep- active processes in our brains consolidate what we have learnt whilst we sleep

Question 58

what happens in late adulthood?

Answer 58

exposure to stimulating environments and new learning opportunities seems to slow declines in brain functioning

Question 59

The law of Exercise

Answer 59

when one response becomes sufficiently more frequent and recent than other possible responses, it will become the presiosne most likely to be elicited by the situation

Question 60

whenever a response reduced the level of a drive...

Answer 60

... the stimulus response association was strengthened

Question 61

Modern associative learning theory | events

Answer 61

A-> B A-> no B A and B are unrelated