definitions B1-really important for SAQ

Question 1

anaemia

Answer 1

a condition where HB con.c and RBC mass is decreased for the age and sex of the individual, associated with tissue hypoxia and low O2 carrying capacity

Question 2

thalassaemia

Answer 2

genetically heterogenous disorder by germline mutation that reduce synthesis of either alpha-globin or beta-globin leading to anaemia, tissue hypoxia and rbc haemolysis

Question 3

sickle cell disease

Answer 3

heridatary haemoglobinopathy caused by point mutation in beta globin that promotes polymerization of deoxygenated Hb leading to RBC destruction,Heamolytic anaemia, microvascular obstruction and ischemic tissue damage

Question 4

leukemia

Answer 4

a grp of disorders due to acc of malignant WBC in the BM and blood

Question 5

neoplasm

Answer 5

a lesion resulting fr autonomous abnormal growth of cell that persist in absence of initiating stimulus

Question 5

carcinoma in situ

Answer 5

epithelial malignant neoplasm which has not yet invaded tru epithelial basement membrane,separating it fr blood and lymphatics.

Question 6

carcinogenesis

Answer 6

transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells causing permanent genetic alterations

Question 7

carcinogen

Answer 7

an environmental agent participating in the causation of tumors

Question 8

angiogenesis

Answer 8

sprouting of new vessels fr pre-existing vasculature

Question 9

metastasis

Answer 9

spread of tumor fr a primary site n its establishment at a distant secondary location

Question 10

pagetoid infiltration

Answer 10

invasion of upper epidermis from below

Question 11

cachexia

Answer 11

a hypercatabolic state with severe weight loss and debility of a cancer pateint

Question 12

tumor grade

Answer 12

assessment of its degree of malignancy/aggresiveness fr tumor histological appearance

Question 13

tumor stage

Answer 13

extent of spread of the tumor

Question 14

apoptosis

Answer 14

a pathway of cell death induced by a tightly regulated suicide program where cells destined to dies activate intrinsic enzymes that degrade cell’s own nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic proteins

Question 15

acute inflammation*

Answer 15

response of vascularized tissues that deliver leukocytes n molecules of host defense fr the circulation to the sites of infection n cell damage in order to eliminate offenfing agents

Question 16

chronic inflammation

Answer 16

response of prolonged duration in which inflammation,tissue injury and attempts at repair coexist in varying combinations

Question 17

granuloma*

Answer 17

a form of chronic inflammation characterzied by colection of activated macrophages,often with T lymphocytes,sometimes associated with necrosis

Question 18

necrosis

Answer 18

a pathological process that is the consequence of severe injury

Question 19

leukocytosis

Answer 19

increase in num of leukocytes in peripheral blood