cell adaptation

Question 1

Define growth and differentiation

Answer 1

The process of increase in size resulting from the synthesis of specific tissue components.

Cell develops an overt specialised function or
morphology that distinguishes it from its parent cell

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

Increasing size of cells resulting in increase
organ size without cell replication

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy
with increased workload.
Left ventricular hypertrophy in longstanding hypertension
Normal

Question 3

Hyperplasia

Answer 3

Increasing cell number by cell
resulting in increased organ / tissue mass

changes in puberty,pregnancy,
high altitude-bone marrow hyperplasia

Question 4

Atrophy

Answer 4

Decrease in size of an organ/tissue or cell
due to reduction in cell size or number or both

Question 5

Hypoplasia

Answer 5

Failure of development of an organ

Renal hypoplasia
Lung hypoplasia
Bone marrow hypoplasia(Aplasia)

Question 6

Metaplasia

Answer 6

acquired form of altered differentiaition characterised by a reversible transformation of one mature differentiated cell type into another

Squamous metaplasia-most common
Seen in
1.Ducts of salivary glands,pancreas, bile ducts due to the presence of stones
(columnar epithelium-squamous epithelium)
2.Transitional bladder epithelium with bladder stone
(transitional epithelium -squamous epithelium)

3.Squamous metaplasia in cervix
Columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium due to cervical infections or low pH of vagina

Question 7

Dysplasia

Answer 7

Caused by chronic injury, irritation, exposure to carcinogens
-premalignant

Features
Increased cell growth Presence of cellular atypia
Decreased differentiation

Dysplasia in endocervix

Question 8

Hydropic change

Answer 8

Change in cells where the cytoplasm becomes pale and swollen due to
accumulation of fluid

Due to disturbances in metabolism: Hypoxia
Chemical poisoning

Question 9

Fatty change

Answer 9

Vacuolation of cells due to accumulation of lipid droplets.

Common site: liver
Other sites:
Heart
Muscle
Kidney

cause: alcoholoc fatty liver,non-diabetes,obesity

Special Stains used to demonstrate fat
(frozen sections)
*Oil red O
*Sudan III

Question 10

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Answer 10

In pregnancy
Uterine muscle undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia

benign prostatic hyperplasia