Deer

Question 1

When do temperate deer calve

Answer 1

Early Summer

Question 2

When do tropical deer calve

Answer 2

Year round with some local variation

Question 3

The variation in the extent of seasonal breeding among species of deer varies according to the latitude of origin of each species. What is the relationship between latitude and breeding seasons

Answer 3

In general, deer from higher latitudes have the shortest breeding seasons.

Question 4

Some examples of seasonal deer

Answer 4

red, wapiti, fallow, mule, white-tailed, roe, sika

Question 5

Some examples of nonseasonal deer

Answer 5

rusa, axis, sambar, hog, muntjac

Question 6

When do temperate deers normally conceive

Answer 6

Sep-Nov. Highest in October

Question 7

Male White-tailed deer show increasing FSH and LH concentrations in plasma as day length decreases. What physiological changes does this do

Answer 7

increased testicular size, increased testosterone concentrations in plasma, antler growth and aggressive, territorial behaviour in males.

Question 8

Are seasonal deer short or long day breeders

Answer 8

Short day

Question 9

What is the main factor regulating breeding period

Answer 9

mediated by melatonin, which is secreted by the pineal gland during the night
Variation in melatonin concentration in pituitary circulation affects the frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses

Question 10

Signs of illness in deer

Answer 10

Rectal temperature upper normal 39.5°C
Respiratory rate usually higher at 20-60/min
Heart rate 150-200/min on capture but should slow to 60-90/min
Victimisation, drooping of ears, separation from group, failure to come to feed

Question 11

Fences and deer? Do they tolerate it

Answer 11

Deer do not respect the authority of fences despite the fact that fences can be very dangerous to deer. Many injuries result from deer attempting to clear or run through fences.

Question 12

Suggest a drug combination used to immobilise deer

Answer 12

Hellabrunn mix (HM) W
HM = 125 mg xylazine + 100 mg ketamine /ml

Question 13

What tele-injection method has the furtherst range

Answer 13

CO2 dart guns

Question 14

Most common disease in farmed deer

Answer 14

Yersiniosis
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is common in farmed deer, particularly after exposure to stressors
Diarrhoea, with or without dysentery, is the most common finding

Question 15

Most common tick on deer

Answer 15

Ixodes ricinus (scapularis in USA) are common on deer in the UK, Europe and USA.

Question 16

Most common GI helminth

Answer 16

In UK, Ostertagiinae are the dominant group.

Question 17

Most common respiratory nematode

Answer 17

Lungworms are a major problem – Dictyocaulus viviparus is the most common.