Day 9 - Subfertility and infertility in the horse

Question 1

Structural subfertility, infertility - caused by

Answer 1

• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Perineal conformation, pendulous uterus
• Uterine cysts
• Ovarian anvulatory structures

Question 2

Functional subfertility, Infertility - caused by

Answer 2

• Cryptoridism
• Behavioral dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction stallion
• Drugs
• Endometritis
• Endometriosis
• Venereal diseases

Question 3

Chromosomal abnormalities - most common onee

Answer 3

Definition: Gonandal dysgenesis

63 X or 63 XO (Turners syndrome)

Question 4

Endometrial cysts - Tx

Answer 4

Glandular cysts (periglandular fibrosis)
Lymphatic cysts on the endometrium

Tx:
* Laser-assisted ablation
* needle aspiration
* Electrocoagulation
* Curettage
* Surgery
* Endoscopic-guided laser surgery (most common procedure!)
* „snare technique”

Question 5

Agents acting on germinal cells:

Answer 5

• X-ray
• Gamma-irradiation
• Antineoplastic drugs
• Pesticides (e.g. ethylene-dibromide)
• Fumigants
• Cholhicine

Question 6

Agents acting on Sertoli and Leydig cells:

Answer 6

Sertoli cells: Diethylphtalate
Leydig cells: Steroids, dioxins

Question 7

Behavioral dysfunction of the stallion - Tx

Answer 7

GnRH therapy -2 and -1 hr before collection

Question 8

Ejaculatory dysfunction in the stallion - Tx

Answer 8

Xylazine stimulates ejaculation

Question 9

Endometritis - bacterial causes

Answer 9

• S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus
• E. coli
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Staphylococcus
• T. equigenitalis
• Enterobact, proteus

Question 10

Endometriosis - common fungal causes

Answer 10

• candida
• aspergillus
• mucor

Question 11

Task of seminal plasma

Answer 11

Protect against phagocytosis and chemotaxis

Question 12

How to test subclinical endometritis

Answer 12

Uterine swab + endometrial biopsy

Question 13

Endometritis - Tx

Answer 13

• Systemic/intrauterine AB, uterine lavage, oxytocin/PGF2a
• Antimicrobial peptides: Ceragenin
• Immune-based agents: Corticosteroides
• Kerosene
• Regenerative therapy: Hyperimmune plasma of mare
• Exercise: for uterine clearance
• Nutrition: Omega 3

Question 14

Pyometra - Tx

Answer 14

o Prostaglandin to induce luteolysis
o Lavage (4-5 l saline for 5 days), to flush out all pus and material from the uterus.
o AB

Question 15

Venerenal diseases - Notifiable

Answer 15

• Dourine (Trypanosoma)
• CEM (contagious equine metritis)
• EVA (equine viral arthritis)
• EIA (equine infectious anemia)
• EHV-3 (Equine herpes virus 3)

Question 16

Bacterial venereal diseases

Answer 16

o Klebsiella pneumoniae
o Pseudomonas aeruginosa
o Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus
o Taylorella equigenitalis: the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM)

Question 17

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) - Dx and Tx

Answer 17

Taylorella equigenitali
Transmission through coitus or inutero
Dx: Isolation, swab, Serology

Tx:
o Uterine lavage large volumes of
sterile physiologic fluids
o Uterine infusions with antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity (nitrofurazone)
o For carriers: mechanical cleaning (smegma, debris)
o and wash with 2% chlorhexidine
solution, 5 consecutive days.

Question 18

Coital exanthema - Dx and Tx

Answer 18

• equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3)
• spread by genital contact
  Dx: Genital swab, histological exam
  Tx: Antiviral and AB

Question 19

Equine Arteritis virus (EVA)

Answer 19

• Notifiable
• Usually through resp
• Abortion after day 10-33
• Stallions: reduced sperm quality
• Vax (attenuated)

Question 20

Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum (Dourine)

Answer 20

• Fatal
• During coitus via female
  Dx:
  o Detection of parasite into the tissue is difficult (less than 10 parasites per ml of
  sample)
  o Complement fixation test.

Tx: Euthanasia