Day 9 - Breeding soundness examination of the stallion and the non-pregnant mare

Question 1

Normal range:
- Progesterone
- Estradiol
- Inhibin
- Testosterone
- AMH

Answer 1

• Progesterone <1>
• Estradiol: 5-45 og/mp
• Inhibin: 0.1-0,7 ng/ml
• Testosterone: 20-45 og/ml
• AMH: 0.1-3,8 AMH

Question 2

Pathological findings of the ovary

Answer 2

= non-neoplastic ovarian enlargement cathegort

o Persistent anovulatory follicles (PAF)
o Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles (HAF)
o Cystic structures (eg. parovarian cyst)
o Ovarian tumors

Question 3

Persisten anovulatory follicles or haemorrhagic anovulatory follicles - Tx

Answer 3

• “Wait and see”
• 2 x daily dinoprost – prostaglandin

Question 4

Diseases of the cervix

Answer 4

Failure of cervical relaxation
Cervical lacerations
Cervical adhesions tumors

Question 5

Diseases of the vagina/vestibulum

Answer 5

Urovagina, pneumovagina
Varricose veins
Imperforate hymen

Lacerations, Adhesions, Vaginitis

Question 6

Diseases of the perineum

Answer 6

Poor conformation
Poor vulva tone
Perineal lacerations
Melanoma

Carcinoma, Coital examthema (EHV)

Question 7

Cervical adhesions - Tx

Answer 7

Manual disruption,
topical therapy (steroid ointment, vaseline daily)

Question 8

Vaginal problems - Tx

Answer 8

Mild cases – uterine lavage before
insemination, another lavage and oxy after breeding (min. 4 hrs)

Urine causes a sterile inflammation – surgical correction is needed if available (urethral extension)

Question 9

Traumatic orchitis - Tx

Answer 9

• Phenylbutazone of flunixin meglumine
• Topical application of hyperosmotic ointment to reduce edema
• Systemic antimicrobials
• Topical cold therapy

Question 10

Infectious orchitis - Tx

Answer 10

Castration

Question 11

Torsion of the testis - Tx

Answer 11

> 180 degrees: Manual reduction or orchiectomy
< 180 degrees: undetected, no Tx

Question 12

Most common testicular tumor in horse?

Answer 12

Teratoma

Question 13

Diseases of the scrotum, tunica vaginalis and spermatic cord (5)

Answer 13

1. Hydrocele
2. Inguinal/scrotal hernia
3. Varicocele
4. Epididymitis
5. Sperm accumulation syndrome

Question 14

Hydrocele - Tx

Answer 14

Acc. of serous fluid in vaginal proc.

• Ice packs or cold water hydrotherapy
• Dexamethasone
• Severe cases: culture and cytologic assessment of hydrocele fluid
• If infectious component suspected: enrofloxaxin
• If unilateral h. persists: removing the affected testicle and as much of the spermatic
  cord as possible

Question 15

Variocele - Tx

Answer 15

Def: dilation and tortuosity of the veins of the pampiniform plexus and the cremaster veins

Tx:
o Is unnecessary if semen quality is unaffected
o Ligation of the dilated vasculature
o Could include excision of the affected testis and cord

Question 16

Epididymitis - Tx

Answer 16

o May be attempted in acute cases with antibiotic therapy
o An antibiotic with a high pKa and lipid solubility is ideal for penetration of the epididymis
- TMS
- Chloramphenicol

Question 17

Sperm granuloma - Tx

Answer 17

Sperm enters the blood-testis barria = granuloma formation
(+ Strongyles)
- Tx: if unilateral –> hemicastration
- If bilateral –> prognosis for future fertility is poor

Question 18

Torsion of the spermatic cord - Tx

Answer 18

o Torsion of 360 deg usually requires removal of the affected testos
o If the testis is salvageable orchipexy can be performed after the torsion is corrected
o Check for the possibility of formation of anti-sperm antibodies that will affect the contralateral testis
o Torsion of the contralateral spermatic cord can be avoided by permanently anchoring it in its normal position with non-absorbable sutures placed through the tunica albuginea and the dartos tissue at the caudal pole of the testis

Question 19

Septic funicultis/infection of the spermatic cord - Tx

Answer 19

o Unlikely to resolve with antimicrobial therapy
o Removal of the scirrhous cord

Question 20

Plugged ampullae/sperm accumulation syndrome - Tx

Answer 20

• High ejaculation frequency
• Ampullary massage and IV oxytocin 2-5 min prior to attempted semen collection
• May require antegrade catheterization of the ductus deferens near the tail of the epididymis to relive the obstruction using fluid pressure

Question 21

Diseases of the accessory sex glands, penis, prepuce

Answer 21

• Seminal vesiculitis
• Phimosis, Paraphimosis
• Priapism
• Bacterial infections
• Behavioursl dysfunction
• Ejaculatory dysfunction

Question 22

Seminal vesiculitis - Tx

Answer 22

• AB more effective given directly into seminal vesicle by catheterization or endoscope
  o TMS of enrofloxacin
• When the problem cannot be resolved the breeding life of the stallion can be extended by use of minimum contamination breeding techniques
  o Using semen extender with appropriate antibiotics in AI
  o Instilling semen extender with appropriate antibiotics into the mares uterus prior to breeding in natural service situations

Question 23

Seminal vesiculitis - Pathogens

Answer 23

Bacterial
o Pseudomonas aeruginosa
o Klebsiella pneumonaie
o Streptococcus spp.
o Staphylococcus spp.
o Brucella abortus