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equinee > Day 6 - Gastrointestinal diseases > Flashcards

Day 6 - Gastrointestinal diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Gastric ulcers in newborn foals

A

Glandular mucosa and greater curvature affected
Tx: H2 antagonists (ranitidine), sucralfate

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2
Q

Sucklings and weanlings

A

Lesions along the lesser curvature on the squamous mucosa

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3
Q

Gastroduodenal ulcer disease in foals

A

Diffuse inflammation to severe ulceration and thickening of duodenal wall
- Delayed gastric emptying
- Gastric or duodenal rupture

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4
Q

Yearlings and adult horses

A

On the squamous mucosa along the margo plicatus

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5
Q

General treatment of gastric ulcers

A
  • Proton pump inhibitors: omeprazol
  • H2 antagonists: Rantidine
  • Sucralfat
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6
Q

Acute gastric dilation and impaction - pathogen (7)

A

– Fermentation: gas, volatile fatty acids, lactate
– Fluid influx
– Gastric dilation, colic
– Pressure on diaphragm, compromised respiration
– Decreased venous return
– Hypovolaemic shock
– Gastric rupture

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7
Q

Acute gastric dilation and impaction - CS

A
  • Sudden onset, fast progression
  • Severe, continuous colic
  • Decreased GI motility
  • Negative rectal findings
  • Diagnostic nasogastric tubing
  • Haemoconcentration, Hyperlactataemia
  • Enlarged stomach on ultrasound
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8
Q

Acute gastric dilation and impaction - Dx

A
  • Nasogastric tubing
  • Ultrasonography
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9
Q

Acute gastric dilation and impaction - Tx (3)

A
  • Spasmolytics, analgesics
  • Stomach tubing and lavage
  • IV fluid therapy
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10
Q

Gastric parasites

A

Gasterophilosis
Draschia megastoma

Ivemectrin

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11
Q

Spasmodic colic - Aetiology

A
  • Nutritional deficiencies
  • Cold water
  • Weather
  • Parasites
  • Steneous excercise
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12
Q

Spasmodic colic - Pathogenesis

A
  • Smooth muscle spasms
  • Hypermotility
  • Vagotonia (parasymp.)
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13
Q

Spasmodic colic - CS

A

Mild colic signs, borgormi, gas, loose faeces

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14
Q

Spasmodic colic - DD (7)

A
  • Tympany (primary, secondary)
  • Impaction
  • Ileus
  • Acute gastric dilation
  • Acute enteritis
  • Pregnancy colic
  • Urinary colic (kidney, ureter, urethra)
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15
Q

Spasmodic colic - Tx

A
  • Spasmolytics (butylscopolamine)
  • NSAIDs
  • Hand walking
  • Activated charcoal or other absorbents via NG tube
  • IV fluids
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16
Q

Proximal enteritis - aeti

A
  • unknown
  • clostridium, fusobact, salmonella
  • sudden diet change
17
Q

Proximal enteritis - Pathogen

A

Increased secretion
* cAMP, cGMP system, Calcium system
* Na+ and Cl- to gut lumen: Water follows ions
* Bacterial toxins
* Protein rich fluid secreted to intestinal lumen

Initially hyperperistalsis, then functional ileus
* Serositis, peritonitis
* Activation and migration of inflammatory cells
* Intestinal distention, Endotoxins

Decreased absorption
* Marked fluid and electrolyte loss
* Haemoconcentration, hypovolaemia, decreased tissue perfusion, oliguria, haemorrhages, Yellowish bands
* From stomach to large intestine
* Degeneration, necrosis, sloughing
* Neutrophilic infiltration (propria, submucosa, mucosa) * Haemorrhages on serosa and in muscularis
* Haemorrhagic, fibrinonecrotic DPJ

Hepatic changes

Peritoneal fluid
* Higher total protein (TP), than in mechanical ileus
* increase of TP relative to nucleated cell count
* Leakage of blood or plasma into abdominal cavity
* No significant leukocyte chemotaxis

18
Q

Proximal enteritis - CS

A
  • colic signs, reflux
  • Fever
  • Decr peristaltic sounds
  • Rectal: distended SI loops
19
Q

Proximal enteritis - Clinical pathology

A
  • PCV, TPP, lactate: ↑
  • CBC – WBC count ↑↓↔
  • Hypo; Na, Cl, K
  • Prerenal azotaemia
  • Increased AST, AP, GGT → liver damage
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Abdominocentesis; yellow tube
20
Q

Proximal enteritis - Tx (8)

A
  • Supportive
  • Nasogastric tubing
  • Fluid therapy: Crystalloids, Ringers and colloids (HES)
  • Antibiotics → Dysbacteriosis in large intent Penicillin, metronidazole, – Gentamicin, enrofloxacin (Gr-)
  • Anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapy
    – Flunixin meglumine, Butorphanol
  • Prokinetic drugs: Lidocaine (best), Metoclopramide
  • Parenteral feeding
    – Dextrose, amino acids, lipid, isotonic solution
    – Blood glucose checks, insulin
21
Q

Direct causes of diarrhoea

A
  • Increased faecal water and electrolyte content
  • Hypersecretion and malabsorption
22
Q

Indirect causes of diarrhoea (5)

A
  • Acute colonic inflammation causes increased prostaglandin release –> hypersecretion
  • Some enterotoxins bind to secretory receptors
  • VFA and sodium malabsorption causes increased permeability in the large colon
  • Abnormal microflora produces a large amount of dissolved metabolites
  • Altered intestinal motility forward content faster
23
Q

Sequale of diarea

A
  • Significant and fast loss of Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-
  • Loss of plasma to intestinal lumen in severe cases
  • Dehydration, metabolic acidosis, shock, renal insufficiency, death
24
Q

Acute colitis - aeti

A
  • Bacterial: Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Neorickettsiosis
  • Parasitic: Strongylosis, Cyathostominosis, Anoplocephalosis
  • Toxic: Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, Cantharidin toxicosis
  • Miscellaneous: Intestinal anaphylaxia, Carbohydrate overload, Sand enteropathy
25
Q

Salmonellosis - Type and pathogen

A

S. enterica var. typhimurium, var. agona (stress, nosomosis, zoonosis)

Enterotoxin - POG synthesis - incr secretion - diarrhoea

26
Q

Salmonellosis - CS

A

Colic signs
Profuse, watery, malodorous diarrhoea
Dark red, dirty red, purple mucous membranes, prolonged CRT
Rectal: Gas
Acute laminitis

27
Q

Salmonellosis - clinical pathology

A
  • PCV>60%, decreased TPP
  • Leukopenia, neutropenia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Praerenal azotaemia
28
Q

Salmonellosis - Dx

A
  • Culture
  • Faeces
    -Rectal biopsy
  • Combination of these two: 60-75% sensitivity
  • PCR
29
Q

Cyathostominosis

A

Aetiology
* Cyathostomum, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanusspp
* 3rd stage larvae may stay in hypobiotic state in caecal and large colon wall
* Larvae emerge in response to favourable conditions
* 4th stage larvae migrate through large intestinal mucosa

Clinical signs: seasonal
* Early spring (northern hemisphere)
* Following deworming
* Signs of severe, sometimes fatal typhlocolitis
* Colic signs. Severe diarrhoea
* Dehydration. Sudden weight loss
* Subcutaneous oedema on limbs and ventral abdomen * Death

Diagnosis
* Isolation of larvae from faeces
* Rectal biopsy
* Definitive diagnosis: biopsy from large colon

30
Q

Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea

A

Aetiology
* Clindamycin, lincomycin, tetracyclins
* Trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations tetracycline - no dia
* Erythromycin. Rifampin. Metronidazole

Clinical signs, diagnosis
* Mild diarrhoea or signs of severe enterocolitis
* Similar signs to salmonellosis or clostridiosis
* Diagnosis
- Antibacterial therapy
- Ruling out other possible causes

31
Q

Right dorsal colitis - Dx

A
  • Appears after phenylbutazone administration
  • Signs of mild to moderate colitis
  • Moderate colic signs
  • Cow pat like faeces
  • Sometimes severe colitis, death
  • Gastric ulceration
  • Trans abdominal ultrasonography
  • Definitive diagnosis by laparotomy or necropsy
32
Q

Cantharidin toxicosis

A
  • Cantharidin: toxin of blister beetles (Epicautaspp) →
  • 6-100 dried beetles might be lethal
  • Anorexia, lethargy, fever, tachycardia
  • Colic signs
  • Diarrhoea
  • Mixed shock (myocarditis and necrosis)
  • Oral, lingual vesicles and ulcers , urinary tract signs
  • Pollakiuria, haematuria, diluted urine (acutetubular necrosis, cystitis)
  • Diagnosis is difficult (detection of cantharidin in feed)

equinee (24 decks)

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