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equinee > Day 3 - rest till lameness > Flashcards

Day 3 - rest till lameness Flashcards

1
Q

Wound management in standing position - sedation

A

Xylazine: 0.5 – 1.1 mg
Detomidine: 0.01 mg
Romifidine – mostly used or combinations with Butormidor Butormidor – long, good, stabile

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2
Q

LOCAL AND PERINEURAL ANESTHESIA

A

Lidocaine, marcain, mepivacain

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3
Q

WOUND MANAGEMENT IN GENERAL ANESTHESIA - sedation

A

-IV or inhalation anesthesia
-Premedication
-Induction
-Ketamine, diazepam – IV – move to operating room
-Isoflurane inhalations
-IV anesthesia (if other indication) ketamine, xylazine

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4
Q

Non-absorbable

A

skin

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5
Q

Absorbable

A

intestines, subcutaneous

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6
Q

Monophyl

A

on cut surface

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7
Q

polyphyl

A

if you see cut surface

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8
Q

pseudo monophyl

A

if you cover the polyphyl

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9
Q

Most used suture material

A

Natural or synthetic

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10
Q

Indication and types of drains

A

INDICATION:
-Foreign material / Contamination
-Reduce the accumulation of blood, serum, etc.
-Abscess cavity
-2-4 days inside – after 2 days with little fluid – take it out

TYPES:
-Passive / Active
-Bandage drains
-Tubular (semi regid fenestrated tube)
-Penrose

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11
Q

Septic joint info:
- WBC
- TP
- Cytology

Lameness

A

-Lameness 4/5
-Synovia: (take sample)
-WBC: more 40 g/l
-TP: more 2 g/dl
-Cytology: neutrophil granulocytes

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12
Q

Septic joing (open injury)
Tx

A

IV AB: gentamycin
IM AB: penicillin, amoxicillin + clavulan
Joint lavage: IA AB, isotonic infusion, Intra articular treatment
Joint drain
Regional limb perfusion with AB

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13
Q

Partial thickness wounds (2)

A

Erosion, abrasion

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14
Q

Full thickness wounds

A

3 coordinated phases: acute inflammation (starts when injury happens), cellular proliferation and matrix synthesis and remodeling with scar formation.

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15
Q

Acute inflammatory phase

A
  • Bleed and Pain
  • Vasoconstriction mediated by sympathomimetic amines and thromboxane.
  • Vasodilatation
  • increased capillary permeability mediated by: histamine, bradykin, prostaglandings E1 and E2 – pain
    Leukotriene B4
  • Cellular and noncellular blood components can enter into the wound by diapedesis.
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16
Q

Cellular components of healing

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophiles

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17
Q

Cellular proliferation stage

A

-Presence of fibroblast
-Epithelialization
-formation of granulation tissue
-wound contraction: Begins when blood clots, necrotic tissue, debris, infection has been removed.
-fibroplasia (migration of fibroblasts, collagen formation 3-5 days)
-granulation tissue (vascular loops)
-wound contraction (myofibroblasts)

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18
Q

Connective tissue

A

Collagen fiber and ECM production
IC tropocollagen – EC fibrils – ECM binder – reticulin – argyrophilic fibers

  • First fibroblast in 2-3 days
  • First collagen 5-7 days
  • First elastic fibers 4 weeks

The first 21 days are the same for all wounds and tissues.

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19
Q

Granulation tissue consists of .. ?

A

capillaries, fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells

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20
Q

Matrix synthesis

A

-Last stage
-Maturation of collagen scar
-Decrease in vascularity
-Decreased number of fibroblast and macrophages

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21
Q

Wound healing: Mineral deficiencies

A

Zinc – delayed wound
Cu – collagen synthesis important

22
Q

Wound healing: vitamins

A

A-elasticity, collagen synthesis and epithelization
K- hemorrahe
C- epithet anigo and collagen

23
Q

Wound healing: SAIDS

A

Stops wounds healing
Decrease collagen synthesis
Decrease angiogenesis
Decrease granulation tissue formation Decrease epithelization

24
Q

Effects of local anaesthetics

A

Less leukocyte can adhere to the endothelium
Decreases blood vessel lumens
Common local anesthetics, paranasal or infiltrate surgical areas

25
Q

Effects of local insulin

A

Protein synthesis, constriction,
Cell division can be better
Decrease edema

26
Q

Effect of temperature and pH on wound healing

A

High temp (30)
Lower pH
Cold decrease elasticity
User bandage higher temperature

27
Q

Steps off primary wound healing (7)

A

1.The incised space fills up immediately with blood and fibrin clots.
2.At the border of the wound neutrophil accumulation in 24 h present
3.Mitotic activation of the basal cells – present in 24-48 h
4.Macrophags on 3rd day – granulation tissue proliferation – collagen fibers – epithel expansion.
5.Angiogenesis on 5th day. Increased collagen mass which overbridge the incision.
6.Collagen and fibroblast proliferation on the 2nd week decreased edema, less leukocyte and vascularity.
7.No sign of inflammation after 1 month, avascularisated scab.

28
Q

Steps off secondary wound healing (4)

A

1.Clean up wound – regressive process
2.Granulation tissue formation, fill up the wound
3.Constriction of the granulation tissue, scar tissues
4.Epithelization

29
Q

Cases of no wound healing complications

A

-Sarcoid, tumor
-Tumor, another type
-Foreign body

30
Q

Callus formation, periostal rupture

A
  1. Haematoma between broken ends
  2. After few days acute inflammation (neutrophils, monocytes, histocytes)
  3. from the periosteum, edosteum, granulation tissue formation (fibroblast and blood vessel proliferation) – temporary callus – fibroblasts differentiation = osteoblasts
  4. Temporary osteoid, cartilage callus. 5. Temporary bone callus (irregular structure)
  5. Regular lamellar bone callus
31
Q

Lamellar bone calluses (3)

A

1.Intermediate callus
-Lamellar bone in the line of the cortex of fractured bone edges
2.Endocallus
-Forms in the previously bone marrow area
3.Ectocallus
-Extra bone formation around the fractured area

32
Q

MRI general info
High or low-field MRI?

A

3D, soft tissue and bone tissue

High

33
Q

CT - for what?

A

Traditionally for osseous lesions
-Fracture, preoperative planning
-Localised lameness not explained by radiography and ultrasonography
-Ataxia, neck pain
ADVANTAGES:
-Allows guided injections
-Pre-operative planning

34
Q

CT or MRI?

A

MRI:
-In standing sedation
-Bone & soft tissue injuries
-Neck – only cranial aspect
-Time consuming
CT:
-General anaesthesia for limbs
-Fractures, planning
-Neck – standing, depending on the CT even C7
- Guided injections
- Very quick

35
Q

Scintography

A

-Information about function of organs
-Mostly for osseous injuries
-Suspicion of stress fractures

36
Q
A

Sinus rhytm

37
Q
A

ATRIAL PREMATURE COMPLEX/DEPOLARIZATION

38
Q
A

Atrial fibrillation

39
Q
A

1ST AND 2ND DEGREE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK

40
Q
A

2ND DEGREE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK

41
Q
A

3RD DEGREE (COMPLETE) ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK

42
Q
A

VENTRICULAR PREMATURE COMPLEX/DEPOLARIZATION

43
Q
A

VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (UNIFORM)

44
Q
A

VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (MULTIFORM)

45
Q

Abdomen: Left upper quadrant

A

small colon and small intestine

46
Q

Abdomen: Left lower quadrant

A

left ventral large colon/pelvic flexure

47
Q

Abdomen: Right upper quadrant

A

head of the caecum (ileocoecalis sound (thunder storm) + gas sound)

48
Q

Abdomen: Right lower quadrant

A

right ventral large colon

49
Q

Abdominal US: left side

A
  • flank area – spleen, left kidney
  • lower – large colon, spleen
  • inguinal area – urinary bladder,
    small intestinal loops
  • more cranial – stomach and
    spleen
  • even more cranial: liver and
    spleen
50
Q

Abdominal US: Right side

A
  • 17th – 16th IC: right kidney
  • More cranial: lung, liver,
    duodenum, colon
  • More caudal: colon,
    ceacum
  • Inguinal ring: small
    intestinal loops, bladder
  • Ventral: colon

equinee (24 decks)

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