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equinee > Day 1 (to and with radiography) > Flashcards

Day 1 (to and with radiography) Flashcards

1
Q

Ancillary Dx methods

A
  • Tubing
  • Ultrasonography
  • Endoscopy
  • Radiography
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2
Q

Physical exaams

A

Inspection Palpation Auscultation Percussion Olfaction Measurement

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3
Q

Permanent vs non-permanent data

A

examples

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4
Q

White marks on the head (7)

A

Stripes
Star
Blaze
White face
Snip
Flesh marks
White muzzle

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5
Q

Distant examinations

A

Size
Conformation
Body condition (1 - 9)
Posture
Gait
Behaviour and demeanour
- Excitation states
- Depression states
Obvious pathological changes

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6
Q

Rectal temp

A

Adult horse: 37.0 – 38.0 C
Foal: 37.5 – 38.5 C

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7
Q

Pulse and HR

A

Adult: 28 – 42 beats per minute (BPM)

Foal At birth: 60 – 80 BPM
0 – 2 hours: 120 – 150 BPM
12 hours: 80 – 120 BPM
24 hours: 80 – 100 BPM
1 – 7 days: 60 – 100 BPM
1 w- 6 month: 40 – 60 BPM

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8
Q

Palpation of pulse

A

Facial artery
Transverse facial artery
Medial and lateral digital artery

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9
Q

RR

A

10 – 18 breaths/minute

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10
Q

Sequence of physical examination

A

Skin
Lymphnodes
Mucous membranes
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system
Gastrointestinal system
Urinary system
Genital system
Haematopoietic system
Endocrine system
Locomotory system
Nervous system

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11
Q

Primary skin lesions (8)

A

Macule
Papule/plaque
Vesicule
Pustule
Urtiaria
Nodule
Tumor
Cyst

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12
Q

Secondary skin lesions (10)

A

Alopecia
Scaling
Crusting
Scar
Erosion
Ulcer
Lichenification
Fissure
Hypo-/hyperpigmentation
Necrosis

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13
Q

Types of skin biopsies

A

Shave b
Punch b
Wedge b
Excisional b

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14
Q

Palpable Ln in normal horse

A

Mandibular lnn (Y-shaped, lobulated) and Superficial inguinal lnn

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15
Q

Palpable ln when enlarged

A

Laterar retropharyngeal ln and Superf. cervical ln

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16
Q

Ln by rectal palpation

A

Ileosacral ln and mesenteric ln

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17
Q

Abnormal mm (4)

A

Dark pink - SI strangulation
Red - Grass sickness
Red + toxic rim - Colitis
Yellow - icterus

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18
Q

Resp exam: steps

A

Nose and paranasal sinuses
Guttural pouches
Gough
Larynx
Trachea
Thorax

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19
Q

Diseases of the maxillary sinus

A

Most frequent, often upper teeth disease

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20
Q

Guttoral pouch - communication and exam

A

no coms, inspection, palpation, percussion (resonant)

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21
Q

Induction of cough

A
  • Press the arytenoid cartilage of larynx
  • Press the first tracheal rings
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22
Q

Exam of larynx and trachea

A

Inspection, palpation, auscultation
Mild stridor on ausc is normal on larynx
Laryngeal noise is audible in a weaker form on auscultation of trachea

23
Q

Normal lung border

A

o Deltoids tuberosity: 7th ICS
o Point of shoulder: 10th ICS
o Ischiadic tuber: 14th ICS
o Tuber coxae: 16th ICS

24
Q

Location of the heart

A

2nd to 6th intercostal space

25
Q

Location of heart beat

A

Left side: 3rd – 5th ICS
Right side: 3rd to 4th ICS

26
Q

Heart sound - S1

A

Beginning of systole

Caused by the initial movement of the ventricle, the abrupt arrest of blood flow as AV valves tense, and the early part of ejection

27
Q

Heart sound - S2

A

End of systole

Caused by the change in direction of blood flow, closing the semilunar valves

28
Q

Heart sounds - S3

A

Termination of rapid ventricular filling

Commonly heard at or caudal and dorsal to the apex beat

29
Q

Heart sounds - S4

A

Atrial contraction and sudden arrest of the distended ventricle

30
Q

Systolic murmur

A

Caused by blood flow in aorta and pulmonary artery in early systole
Left side of thorax
PMI over aortic or pulmonary valves
Grade 1-3/6
Early to midsystolic
Intensity may change with exercise

31
Q

Diastolic murmur

A

Caused by ventricular filling
Common in young horses and thoroughbreds
Left side of thorax
PMI over mitral area
Grade 1.3/6
Early diastolic (S2-S3) or late diastolic (S4-S1)
Quality is often musical/squeaking

32
Q

Point of maximum intensities

A

Pulmonary – left 3rd ICS below point of shoulder
Aortic – left 4th ICS below point of shoulder
Mitral – left 5th ICS halfway between shoulder and sternum
Tricuspid – right 4th ICS

33
Q

Cardiac blood tests

A

AST, CK (MM) and LDH (LDH1) levels, and isoenzymes

Tests for cardiac troponin I and T are available in horses

34
Q

Exam of abdomen - Ausc (normal)

A

Left side
- Dorsal third: dulled tympanic
- Medium third: dulled tympanic
- Ventral third: dulled

Right side
- Dorsal third: tympanic
- Medium third: dulled tympanic
- Ventral third: dulled

35
Q

Exam of liver

A
  • Serum levels of hepatic enzymes
  • Bile salts
  • Ammonia
  • Glucose
  • Bilirubin
  • Clotting factors
  • Plasma proteins

Physical exam is impossible, use US or x-ray

36
Q

Exam pancreas

A

Use parameters
- Serum amylase and lipase activity
- Peritoneal fluid amylase activity (not specific)

37
Q

Where to perform US of stomach

A

Left side 10th-15th ICS

38
Q

Indications of abdominal US (9)

A

Colic
Weight loss, anorexia
Pyrexia → fever
Leukocytosis, leucopenia
Elevated plasma fibrinogen
Abnormal X-ray findings
Elevated liver enzymes
Elevated kidney values
Abnormal peritoneal fluid

39
Q

Methods of physical exam - neurological diseases (7)

A

Inspection
Palpation
Postural reactions
Vertebral reflexes
Cranial nerves
Sensitivity
Pain perception

40
Q

Ancillary methods - neuro

A

Neuroradiography
- Plain
- Myelography
- Angiography (cerebral and vertebral)
Nuclear scintigraphy → x - ray Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance image
Electroencephalography (electromyelography)
Laboratory tests – blood, urine, CSF

41
Q

Head posture and coordination

A

Vestibular lesion: head tilt

Cerebral lesion: deviation of head and neck toward the side of the lesion

Cerebellar lesion: jerky movements during voluntary motion and fine tremor when at rest (intention tremor)

42
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Evaluation of smell

43
Q

Optic nerve

A

Menace reflex, test for vision

44
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

evaluation of facial cutaneous sensation palpebral reflex
Corneal reflex
ability to chew, movements of the jaw

45
Q

Facial nerve

A

evaluation of facial symmetry and movement palpebral and corneal reflex

46
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

evaluation of hearing
evaluation of balance

47
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

evaluation of tongue function

48
Q

Menance reflex

A

one of three forms of blink reflex – reflex blinking that occurs in response to the rapid approach of an object

49
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

upper palpebral ptosis, hyperthermia and unilateral sudoresis of the face and variable regions of the neck and trunk also enopthalamos, third eyelid protrusion and miosis

50
Q

Glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves

A
  • swallowing reflex
    o feeding and watering test
    o nasogastric tubing
    o endoscopy
  • slap test
51
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

pupillary light reflexes

52
Q

Reflexes to check on recumbent horse (5)

A

forelimb flexor reflex
biceps reflex
triceps reflex
hind limb flexor reflex
- tibial (plantar aspect of the metatarsus)
- peroneal (dorsal part of the tarsus and metatarsus)
- femoral (medial thigh region)
patellar reflex

53
Q

interpretation of a horse’s ability to move its head, neck and limbs when recumbent

A
  • if the horse can lift only its head, the lesion is in the cranial cervical region
  • if the horse can raise its head and neck, the lesion is in the caudal cervical region
  • if the horse cannot rise into a sitting position (dog-sitting position) the lesion is in the cervical cord
  • If the thoracic limbs are functional, the lesion is caudal to T2
  • If the deficit is in the trunk or hind limbs, the lesion is located between T2 and S2
  • Localized sweating indicates a lesion in the descending sympathetic tracts
54
Q

Urine analysis

A

Physical exam (color, odor, clarity, viscosity, specific gravity)
Reagent strip analysis (urine dipstick test)
Sediment examination
Enzymuria –> GGT, ALP, LDH
Fractional clearance of electrolytes (w/serum)
Bacterial culture
Clarity: usually turbid (CaCO3 and mucus) – if it is clear this can be a sign of polyuria

Specific gravity – measured with hand held refractometry
- <1008 g/L (hyposthenuria)
- 1008-1014 g/L (isosthenuria)
- >1014 g/L (hypersthenuria)
- Normal urine: >1020-1025 g/L

equinee (24 decks)

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