Dani - ch 5 Flashcards
1
Q
____: vascular and cellular responses whose purpose is to localize or eliminate the injurious agents
A
inflammation
2
Q
2 types of inflammation
A
acute
chronic
3
Q
___ inflammation: transient process that occurs within a few minutes of injury and lasts for a short time; usually described by -itis preceded by the organ/tissue
A
acute
4
Q
5 causes of acute inflammation
- ____ agents: bacteria, virus, parasites, protozoa
- ____ reaction
- ____ agents: trauma, hot, cold, radiation
- ____ agents: acids, alkalis or bacterial toxins
- tissue ____
A
infectious hypersensitivity physical chemical necrosis
5
Q
____: due to blood vessels dilation; redness
A
rubor
6
Q
___: due to increased pressure by exudate and by the following mediator; bradykinin and prostaglandins; pain
A
dolor
7
Q
___: due to increased blood flow; increased heat
A
calor
8
Q
___: due to accumulation of exudate; swelling
A
tumor
9
Q
___ ___: due to pain and tissue damage; loss of function
A
functio laesa
10
Q
___: fluid, protein, and blood cells escape from the vascular system –> interstitial tissue
A
exudation
11
Q
___: ultrafiltrate of blood and plasme, result from imbalance across the vascular endothelium
A
transudate
12
Q
___: excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or body cavities; can be exudate or transudate
A
edema
13
Q
___: purulent inflammatory exudate abundant in leukocytes and cell debris
A
pus
14
Q
transudate
- ____ permeability
- ___ hydrostatic pressure
A
normal
increased
15
Q
transudate
- ___ or ___ protein
A
no
low
16
Q
transudate
- only ____ (ultra filtrate)
A
albumin
17
Q
transudate
- cells = _____
A
0
18
Q
transudate
specific gravity is ____
A
low
19
Q
exudate
- ___ permeability
A
increased
20
Q
exudate
- ___ protein content
A
high
21
Q
exudate
- all proteins except ___
A
fibrinogen
22
Q
exudate
- ___ cells
A
inflammatory
23
Q
exudate
- specific gravity is ___
A
high
24
Q
4 steps in acute inflammation
A
white line
flush
flare
wheal
25
3 phases of the triple response
flush
flare
wheal
26
1st step in triple response:
| red line = ____
flush
27
flush is due to ____ ___
capillary dilation
28
momentary white line before triple response is due to ___ ___
arteriolar vasoconstriction
29
2nd step in triple response:
| - red irregular area = ____
flare
30
flare is due to ___ ___
arteriolar dilation
31
3rd step in tripe response
| - a swelling = ____
wheal
32
wheal is due to ____ caused by ___ permeability
edema
| increased
33
hemodynamics
- changes in blood flow
- transient ____ of arterioles --> ___ of precapillary sphincters --> ___ of arterioles leads to blood flow and opening of new capillary bed
vasoconstriction
relaxation
vasodilation
34
____: opening of new capillary bed
hyperemia
35
slowing of circulation:
- vascular permeability and outpouring of fluid into intersitial tissue --> ____ blood viscosity --> ___ rate of blood flow
increased
| decreased
36
hemodynamics - increased vascular permeability
| - arteriolar dilation and increased blood flow --> ____ intravascular hydrostatic pressure --> ____
increased
| transudate
37
immediate transient leakage due to ____ injury and ___ reactions
mild
| hypersensitivity
38
immediate transient leakage mediated by ____, ___, and ___
histamine
serotonin
bradykinin
39
immediate transient leakage
| - contraction of endothelial cells --> widening of ___ junctions (gapping)
intercellular
40
immediate transient leakage
| - ____ leakage, ___ lived(___-___min)
```
immediate
short (15-20)
```
41
immediate sustained leakage
| - caused by ___ injury
sever
42
immediate sustained leakage
| - ___ leakage, ___ for long time till damaged vessel is repaired or thrombosed
immediate
| sustained
43
delayed sustained leakage
| - caused by ____ or ___ injury
mild
| moderate
44
severe injury example
burn
45
mild/moderate injury examples
sunburn
x-ray
bacterial toxins
46
delayed sustained leakage
| - endothelium is injured ___ or ____ causing intracellular gaps
direct
| indirect
47
delayed sustained leakage
| - leakge begins after __-__ hours and lasts for several ___ or ___
2-12
hours
days
48
___ of neutrophils: as blood flow slows, neutrophils fall out of central column and roll along endothelium
margination
49
___ of neutrophils: neutrophils adhere to endothelium by surface adhesioin molecules
pavementing
| adhesion
50
____ of neutrophils: neutrophils insert pseudopods in intercellular junctions, squeeze their way, traverse basement membrane and escape to extravascular space
diapedesis
| emigration
51
____: passage of blood cells through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue
diapedesis
52
____: neutrophils move toward site of injury along concentration gradient of chemotactic agents
chemotaxis
53
neutrophils emigrate 1st in the first 12-24 hours
| - later replaced by ___
monocytes
54
RBCs coalesce into ___ at central axis
rouleaux
55
____ - like a stack of coins
rouleaux
56
types of cells in acute inflammation are ____
neutrophils
57
neutrophils are present __-__hrs
6-24
58
types of cells in chronic inflammation are ____ and ____
monocytes
| macrophages
59
monocytes and macrophages are present ___-___hrs
24-48
60
life span of a neutrophil is __-__ hrs
24-48
61
recognition of phagocytosis is through attachment to agen either directly or indirectly ____ or complement --- this is called ____
IgG
| opsinization
62
engulfment in phagocytosis happens when the cytoplasm surrounds an agent, encloses it into a membrane-bound vacuole called a ____
phagosome
63
intracellular killing - oxygen DEPENDENT mechanism
- phagocytosis stimulates other cellular oxidative mechanism (____ ___) --> microbicidal derivatives and antimicrobil (___,___ and ___)
respiratory burst
O2
H2O2
HOCl
64
intracellular killing - oxygen INDEPENDENT mechanism
| - phagosome fuses with ____(phagolysosome) --> release of ____ enzymes --> ___ agent
lysosome
lysosomal
degrade
65
inflammation process --> ___ to stop damage --> still alive bacteria is carried to ___ ___ to be filtered --> if fails --> lymph system --> ventricular circulation --> ____ or ____
fails
lymph node
bacteremia
septicemia
66
neutrophils account for ___-___% of all WBCs
60-70
67
neutrophils
- ___ nucleus
- __-__ lobes
segmented
| 1-4
68
___ are the 1st acute inflammatory cell
neutrophils
69
function of neutrophils is ____
phagocytosis (oxygen dependent and independent)
70
monocyte = _____ = ____ ____
macrophage
| tissue histiocyte
71
monocyte accounts for ___-___ of all WBCs
4-8
72
monocyte has a ___ shaped nucleus
kidney
73
monocytes are ___-lived; replace neutrophils after __-__ days
long
| 1-2
74
monocytes are in the blood for ___ days and the tissues for ____ months
4
| several
75
function of monocytes: ____
phagocytosis (large particles)
76
lymphocytes account for __-__% of all WBCs
25-30
77
lymphocytes are present in ___ inflammation and ___ viral or fungal infections
chronic
| acute
78
eosinophils account for __-__% of all WBCs
1-4
79
eosinophils are present in ___ and ___ infections
allergy
| parasitic
80
2 vasoactive amines
histamine
| serotonin
81
3 sources of vasoactive amines
mast cells
basophils
platelets
82
action of vasoactive amines
- ___ of arterioles
- ___ permeability (intercellular gaps)
dilation
| increased
83
duration of vasoactive amines
- ___ release
- ____ lived
immediate
| short
84
bradykinin causes ___ of arterioles, ___ permeability, ___ and is __ lived and deactivated by ____
```
dilation
increased
pain
short
kininase
```
85
bradykinin is made through ____
kallikrein
86
fibrinopeptides
- ___ permeability
- ____ for neutrophils
increased
| chemotactic
87
C3b: favors ____ (____)
phagocytosis
| opsonin
88
C3a, C4a, C5a:
- ____ and ___ permeability
- ____
- stimulate mast cells to release ____
vasodilation
increase
anaphylatoxins
histamine
89
C5a: ___ to neutrophils and macrophages
chemotactic
90
cell membrane phospholipids release ___ __ which are activated by ____
arachidonic
| phospholipase
91
____ inhibit phospholipase
corticosteroids
92
lipoxygenase cycle of AA produce ____
leukotrienes
93
leukotienes
- ___ permeability
- _____
increase
| chemotaxis
94
cyclooxygenase cycle of AA produce 3 things
prostaglandin
thromboxane
prostacyclin
95
prostaglandin favors ____
thromboxane favors ____
prostacyclin favors ____
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
96
leukocyte product:
- oxygen derived free radicals
___ damage --> ___ permeability
endothelial
| increased
97
leukocyte product:
- lysosomal enzymes
neutral proteases
____ damage --> ___ leakage
capillary
| sustained
98
leukocyte product:
- acid proteases
___ bacteria and ___ debis
degrade
| cellular
99
leukocyte product
- platelet activating factor:
____ of platelets --> release of ___ and ___ --> _____ vascular permeability
aggregation
histamine
serotonin
increase
100
2 cytokines
Interleukin - 1 (IL-1)
| tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
101
IL-1 and TNF are produced by ____ and ___
lymphocytes
| macrophages
102
action of cytokines:
| - ___ effect: ___ synthesis of endothelial ___ molecules and ____
endothelial
adhesion
prostaglandins
103
action of cytokines
| - release of ___ from basement membrane
neutrophils
104
action of cytokines
| - ____ phase reaction
acute
105
3 acute phase reactions due to cytokines
fever
sleepiness
anorexia
106
endothelial cells make ____
prostaglandins
107
3 systemic clinical signs
fever
changes in WBC count
increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
108
3 sequelaes of acute inflammation
- complete ____
- healing by ___
- progression to ___ ____
resolution
scar
chronic inflammation
109
serous acute inflammation
- ___ type
- excess thin ___ __ __ fluid
mildes
| watery clear serous
110
examples of serous acute inflammation
- ____ in burn
- ___ ___ in herpes
- ___ of serous sacs
blisters
skin vesicles
inflammation
111
fibrinous inflammation:
____ form, virulent bacteria
rich in ___
severe
| fibrinogen
112
examples of fibrinous inflammation
- lobar ___
- ____ of serous sacs
pneumonia
| inflammation
113
catarrhal inflammation
___ inflammation of ___ ____
exudate rich with ____
mild
mucous membrane
mucus
114
exmaple of catarrhal inflammation
common cold
115
allergic inflammation
- ____
- many ____
hypersensitivity
| eosinophils
116
2 examples of allergic inflammation
bronchial asthma
| urticaria
117
pseudomembranous inflammation
- ___, affect mucous membrane, by ____ bacteria
- necrotic epithelium and inflammatory exudate --> ___ membrane replacing mucosa
severe
toxigenic
false
118
example of pseudomembranous inflammation
diphtheria
119
hemorrhagic inflammation
- ____, by highly virulent bacteria, viral or fungal agents
- excessive tissue ___ and ____
severe
necrosis
hemorrhage
120
3 examples of hemorrhagic inflammation
anthrax
plague
herpes simplex
121
suppurative inflammation
- ___ bacteria
- aggregation of neutrophils, tissue ____ and ____ into pus
necrosis
| liquefaction
122
acute inflammation without neutrophils
| - ___ and ___ infections
viral
| rickettsial
123
inflammatory cells in acute inflammation without neutrophils
lymphocytes
plasma cells
lyphocytosis
neutropenia
