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T3- Patho unit 1 > Dani - ch 2 > Flashcards

Dani - ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

when the cell is exposed to excessive physiologic or pathologic stimuli, it may undergo: (2)

A

adaptation

cell injury

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2
Q

___ is the most common cause of cell injury

A

hypoxia

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3
Q

___ is due to decreased blood supply

A

ischemia

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4
Q

___: inadequate oxygenation of blood, or loss of oxygen carrying capacity of blood

A

hypoxia

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5
Q

physical agents that cause cellular injury: (4)

A

trauma
thermal injury
radiation
electric injury

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6
Q

chemical agents that cause cellular injury: 2

A

therapeutic agents

non-therapeutic agents

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7
Q

infectious agents that cause cellular injury: 4

A

viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites

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8
Q

genetic defects can cause ___ ___

A

cellular injury

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9
Q

nutritional imbalances can cause cellular injury: 2

A

deficiency

excess

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10
Q

2 immunologic reactions that cause cellular injury

A

hypersensitivity

autoimmune disease

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11
Q

cell damage is reversible or irreversible, depends on:

  • ___ of the agent and its severity
  • ____ of insult
  • ____ of cell
  • ____ of tissue to regenerate
A

nature
duration
type
ability

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12
Q

___ cells cant survive without oxygen for more than a few minutes (3-5)

A

brain

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13
Q

myocardial fibers, hepatocytes, and renal epithelium cant survive without oxygen for more than __-__ hours

A

.5-2

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14
Q

skeletal muscles and skin cant live without oxygen for more than ___ hours

A

several

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15
Q

4 intracellular systems are more vulnerable to cell injury:

A

cell membranes
aerobic respiration and ATP generation
genetic apparatus
protein and enzyme synthesis

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16
Q

reversible changes:

  • ___ interferes with aerobic respiration in mitochondria
  • loss of ___-dependent Na+/K+ pump in plasma membrane
  • intracellular accumulation of ____, diffusion of ___ and osmotic gain of ___
A

na+
K+
water

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17
Q

intracellular accumulation of Na+, diffusion of K+, and osmotic gain of water leads to:

  • ___ cloudy appearance of swollen cells due to dispersion of cytoplasmic organelles
  • cell membrane shows ___ of microvilli
A

cloudy

blunting

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18
Q

changes in cytoplasmic organelles:

- swelling in ___ ___, ___ and ___

A

endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
lysosomes

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19
Q

swelling of endoplasmic reticulum:

  • ___ degeneration
  • detaches ribosomes –> ___ protein synthesis
  • appears ___, accumulation of these fragments is known as ___ ___
A

hydropic
decreased
fragmented
myelin figures

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20
Q

swelling of mitochondria

- further impairment of ___ synthesis

A

ATP

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21
Q

metabolic changes:

  • ____ aerobic respiration
  • __ rate of anaerobic glycolysis to maintain energy requirement of cell
A

decreased

increased

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22
Q

cellular swelling: ___ degree of intracellular edema and ___ manifestation of cell injury

A

minor

1st

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23
Q

cellular swelling to the naked eye:

  • ___ size and weight of organ
  • ___
A

increased

pallor

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24
Q

cellular swelling microscopically:

  • cytoplasm is ___ and ___ with accumulation of small amounts of water
  • further __ in fluid content –> swelling of cytoplasmic ____ –> ___ cytoplasmic vacuoles (hydropic degeneration)
A

pale; swollen

increase; organelles; clear

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25
Q

fatty change: accumulation of fat within ___ cells of liver (due to hypoxia, alcohol or diabetes)

A

parenchymal

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26
Q

fatty change:

- membrane-bound lysosomes coalesce together producing fatty ___

A

cysts

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27
Q

fatty change:

- appears as ___ due to accumulation of fatty droplets

A

vacuoles

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28
Q

irreversible damage of cell membranes:

- damage of cell membrane –> ____ of protein essential enzymes, co-enzymes, and RNA

A

loss

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29
Q

irreversible damage of cell membrane:

- ___ of mitochondria

A

vacuolization

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30
Q

irreversible damage of cell membrane:

- release of ___ enzymes –> ___ of cytoplasm

A

lysosomal

digestion

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31
Q

____: small dense nucleus

A

pyknosis

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32
Q

___: fragmentation of the nucleus

A

karyorrhexis

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33
Q

___: dissolution of nucleus by lysosomal enzymes

A

karylolysis

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34
Q

___: death of group of cells within a living body caused by injurious agent

A

necrosis

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35
Q

post necrotic changes to the nucleus (3)

A

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis

36
Q

post necrotic changes to the cytoplasm = ___

A

swollen

37
Q

post necrotic changes to the architecture: depends on whether ___ of proteins or ___ digestion prevails

A

denaturation

enzymatic

38
Q

___ of proteins: necrotic cells preserve the outline of original tissue

A

denaturation

39
Q

___ digestion: cell lysis, necrotic tissue, appears without strucutre

A

enzymatic

40
Q

____ necrosis: most common type

A

coagulative

41
Q

cause of coagulative necrosis: ____

A

ischemia

42
Q

mechanism of coagulative necrosis: cell injury –> intracellular ____ –> denaturation of ___ protein and ___ protein –> ___ cells retain their outline

A

acidosis
cytoplasmic
enzyme

43
Q

naked eye of coagulative necrosis: area appears ___, ___ and ___

A

pale
firm
swollen

44
Q

microscopic image of coagulative necrosis:

  • cells ___ of nuclei appear as a mass of __ homogenous cytoplasm
  • keep ___ for several days till removed by phagocytosis
A

devoid

outline

45
Q

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis mechanism:

- cell ___ prevails over protein denaturation

A

lysis

46
Q

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis mechanism:

- necrotic tissue looks ___, ___ - like

A

soft, liquid

47
Q

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis mechanism:

- causes of necrotic tissue in the brain: more abundant ___ enzymes and lack of good ___ support

A

lysosomal

structural

48
Q

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis mechanism:

- ____ inflammation: potent proteolytic enzymes of neutrophils

A

suppurative

49
Q

in caseous necrosis, necrotic tissue appears ___ and ___

A

white

cheesy

50
Q

cause of caseous necrosis

A

TB

51
Q

mechanism of caseous necrosis

- ___ necrosis with partial ____

A

coagulative

liquefaction

52
Q

mechanism of caseous necrosis

- necrotic tissue neither __ their outline nor __ by lysis

A

retain

disappear

53
Q

mechanism of caseous necrosis

- appear as amorphous debris of ____ coagulated cells

A

fragmented

54
Q

in caseous necrosis

- debris appears ____ ___ in color and is ___ and ____ in texture

A

grayish white
soft
friable

55
Q

in caseous necrosis

- it resembles ___ ___

A

clumpy cheese

56
Q

caseous necrosis in TB lymph node

- typical amorphous, eosinophilic, necrotic center is surrounded by ____ inflammation

A

granular

57
Q

cause of enzymatic fat necrosis

- release of ___ enzymes to surrounding tissue

A

pancreatic

58
Q

mechanism of enzymatic fat necrosis

- ___ and ___ attack plasm membrane of fat cells and ___ split TGs into fatty acids and glycerol

A

phospholipases
proteases
lipases

59
Q

mechanism of enzymatic fat necrosis

- fatty acids combine with ___ –> calcium soaps: hard ___ ___ patches. formed of necrotic ___cells, ___ and ___

A 
calcium
chalky white
fat
calcification
fibrosis
60
Q

traumatic fat necrosis:

- ___ to fatty tissue

A

trauma

61
Q

traumatic fat necrosis:

- release of ___ fat –> ___ inflammation and fibrosis –> ___ mass mistaken for breast cancer

A

intracellular
acute
firm

62
Q

fibrinoid necrosis:

- ___ of normal structure, its replacement by ___ material that resembles fibrin

A

eosinophilic

63
Q

2 causes of fibrinoid necrosis

A

malignant hypertension

autoimmune diseases

64
Q

malignant hypertension in fibrinoid necrosis:

- necrosis of ___ ___ of arterioles, leakage of plasma membrane and deposition of __

A

tunica media

fibrin

65
Q

autoimmune diseases in fibrinoid necrosis:

  • ___ ___ in RA
  • breakdown products of ___ and ___
A

synovial membranes
collagen
fibrin

66
Q

___: mass necrosis of tissue due to vascular occlusion followed by putrefaction

A

gangrene

67
Q

___ gangrene: occurs in toes and feet due to gradual occlusion of arteries –> coagulative necrosis

A

dry

68
Q

in dry gangrene:

- necrotic tissue is ___, ___, ____ and ___

A

dry
shrunken
mummified
black

69
Q

dy gangrene:

- ___ ___ ____ between gangrenous area and adjacent living tissue

A

line of demarcation

70
Q

frostbite is ____ gangrene

A

dry

71
Q

wet gangrene occurs in ___ and ___ ____

A

limbs and internal organs

72
Q

wet gangrene: necrotic tissue is ___, ___ and ___

A

swollen
moist
black

73
Q

wet gangrene = ____ necrosis

A

liquefactive

74
Q

gas gangrene

- both necrosis and putrefaction are caused by ____

A

bacteria

75
Q

gas gangrene

- due to contamination of ___ ___ involving muscles with ___ ___

A

deep wounds

clostridium perfringens

76
Q

gas gangrene will have a ___ sensation on palpation

A

crackling

77
Q

___: death of single cells within clusters of other cells

A

apoptosis

78
Q

2 features of apoptosis

A

cell shrinkage

nucleus changes

79
Q

in apoptosis:

- chromatin aggregates into ___ masses on nuclear membrane

A

irregular

80
Q

nucleus breaks into ___ or more fragments in apoptosis

A

2

81
Q

formation of apoptotic bodies:

- extensive sufaces ___ that separate into numerous ___ bodies

A

bled

apoptotic

82
Q

formation of apoptotic bodies:

- ____ of apoptotic bodies by adjacent cells –> degraded by ___ enzymes

A

phagocytosis

lysosomal

83
Q

physiological causes of apoptosis:

- development of ____ in hollow organs during embryogenesis

A

lumina

84
Q

physiological causes of apoptosis:

- involution of ____ in adults

A

thymus

85
Q

physiological causes of apoptosis:

- ___ of self reactive lymphocytes in thymus

A

deletion

86
Q

pathological causes of apoptosis:

- cell injury in ___ ____ –> apoptotic bodies are taken by ___ cells

A

viral hepatitis

liver

87
Q

apoptotic bodies are also known as ___ bodies

A

councilman

T3- Patho unit 1 (14 decks)

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