1. wk 4 Cellular adaptation to enviro stress (f) Flashcards
done
what are two effects on a cell during atrophy
- decrease in size of the cell by loss of cell sub
2. decrease metabolic & fxn activity
during atrophy of an ORGAN there will be a decrease in either the ____ of the cell or the ____
size of the cell
or number of cells
____: is an adaptive response to decrease body req. for fxn of a certain cell
atrophy
during pathogenesis there will be a decrease in ___ & ___
cytoplasm & number of cytoplasmic organelles
during atrophy there is an increase in the number of _____
autophagic vacuoles
- where cytoplasmic organelles are degraded by lysosomal enzymes
**_______: is resistant debris accumulated in cytoplasm
lipofuscin
what are 5 tiss. that naturally experience phsiological atrophy
- umbilical vessels & ductus arteriosus
- thymus
- ovaries, uterus, and breast
- testicular
- muscle mass
_____: occurs when a M. & bone is immobilized
disuse atrophy
prolonged atrophy to the bone is ____
osteoporosis
___ atrophy: loss of innervation
denervation atrophy
_____ atrophy: loss of blood supply
ischemic atrophy
_____: increase size of a tis or organ due to increase size of individual cells
hypertrophy
What is the mechanism of hypertrophy?
adaptive response to increase fxn demand of tis made up of permantent cells
Hypertrophy is not _____ of the cells
division
What are two pathological/ physiologic hypertrophy
- increase functional demand
2. increase horm stim
What are three classifications of permanent cells
skeletal M
neuro
cardio
the uterine muscle called _______ smooth muscle grow with hormonal stim during prego
myometrial smooth M
- the endometrium can divide - therefore it undergoes hyperplasia
______: increase of an organ or tiss as a result of increase number of component cells
hyperplasia
What are the three cell types that can undergo hyperplasia
hematopoietic
epithelial
CT
- the cells can divide
What cell types can not under go hyperplasia
cardiac
nerve
skeletal M cells
What parts of the female bdy grow by hyperplasia?
breast at PUBERTY
endometrium during MENSTRATION
hyperplasia vs. neoplasia (3 pts)
Hyperplasia: known stim , reversible, cells look normal
neoplasia: may occur without known stim, irreversible , abnormal in malignant
______: replacement of one adult mature cell type by another cell type
metaplasia
______ mechanism is adaptive replacement of cells that are sensitive to stress by more resistant ones
metaplasia
- is reversible
Loss of endocrine stim is a result of decreased ___ & ___ section
decreased estrogen secretion
decreased pituitary trophic horm
(high doses of corticosteroids - cancer tx)
there is atrophy to the ___&___ as a release of nutritional atrophy
adipose tis & pancreas
c.c. there is brain atrophy in _____ condition
senil dementia
The ___ narrow and the ____ widen toward the frontal pole in alzheimers
gyri narrow
sulci widen
during pathological hypertrophy here is an increase in ___ & ____ during hypertrophy
increase amt of cytoplasm
increase number of cytoplasmic organelles
(3) cells that have little ability to become hyperplastic
cardiac, N & skeletal
during squamous metaplasia there is replacement of the normal columnar ______ epithelium of the respiratory tract with _____ epithelium in smokers
C.C. Name
normal: columnar ciliated epithelium
smokers: stratified squamous
name: squamous metaplasia
glandular metaplasia is the replacement of the normal _____ epithelium of the esophagus with _______ epithelium in reflux esophagitis
c.c. Name
normal: stratified squamous epithelium
reflux esophagitis: mucous secreting epithium
Name: glandular metaplasia
______cells: differentiate into normal appearing mature squamous epithelium that replaces columnar epithelium
reverse cells
c.c.____: herniation portion of the gastric fundus along the esophgus bc of a defect in the diaphragmatic CT
Paraesophageal Hernia
c.c._______: white squamous mucosa of the prox esophagus is contrasted with the columnar lining of the distal esophagus
Barrett esophagus
_______ abnormality of maturation & differentiation of epithelium
dysplasia
____ detect dysplasia in the cervix
pap smear
______ : abnormal deposition of Ca+ salts in soft tiss
pathological calcification
calcification occurs in the ____ of dead or dying cells
mitochondria
______: are calcification that occurs within the mitoch. of dead or dying cells
psammoma bodies
c.c._______: a doughnut shaped calcification around the mitral valve annulus
mitral annulus calcification
_________: deposition of Ca+ salts in normal tus where there is hypercalcemia
metastatic calcifcation
________: failure of development of an organ or structure within
agenesis (aplasia)
________: failure of the development of a lumen normally tubular structure
atresia
________: failure of an organ to attain its normal size
hypoplasia
_______: failure of normal organ differentiation or persistence of primitive embryological structures
maldifferentiation (dysgenesis)
________: development of mature tis in an inappropriate site
ectopia (heterotopia)
