dani - ch 4 Flashcards
atrophy of cell
- decrease in the size of cell by loss of cell substance –> ___ metabolic and functional activity
decrease
atrophy of organ
- decrease in size due to a decrease in ___ of cell or ___ of cells
size
number
mechanism of atrophy = ____ response
adaptive
pathogenesis of atrophy
- ___ in amount of cytoplasm
- ___ in number of cytoplasmic organelles
- marked ___ in number of autophagic vacuoles where cytoplasmic organelles are degraded by ___ enzymes
- resistant depris accumulate in ____ like ___
decrease decrease increase lysosomal lipfuscin
physiological atrophy:
- ___ vessels and ductus arteriosus
- ___ after puberty
- ___, ___ and ___ after puberty
- ___ atrophy in elderly men
- reduction in ___ ___ in elderly
umbilical thymus ovaries; breasts and uterus testicular muscle mass
____ atrophy: decrease in function (skeletal muscles and bones in immobilized fractured limb)
disuse
___ atrophy: loss of innervation
denervation
____ atrophy: loss of blood supply (hypoxia and atherosclerosis)
ischemic
___ atrophy: hypoxia –> atrophy of skin and subcutaneous tissue over sacrum in bedridden patients or atrophy of BVs due to mass/tumor)
pressue
loss of ___ stimulation can lead to atrophy (menopause and cancer treatments)
endocrine
____ atrophy: lack of nutrition
nutritional
___-____ atrophy: corticosteroids applied topically –> skin atrophy
hormone-induced
aging can cause brain atrophy in ___ ___
senile dementia
___: increase size of a tissue or organ due to increase size of an individual cell
hypertrophy
mechanism of hypertrophy: ___ response to increased functional demand of tissues made up of permanent cells (____ divide)
adaptive
cannot
pathogenesis of hypertrophy:
- ____ amount of cytoplasm
- ___ number of cytoplasmic organelles
increase
increase
pathological hypertrophy
- ___ functional demand
- ____ hormonal stimulation
increase
increase
pathological hypertrophy
increased functional demand is seen in the left ventricle of ____ patients
hypertensive
pathological hypertrophy
increased hormonal stimulation is seen in ___ due to secretion of GH
acromegaly
physiologic hypertrophy:
- increased functional demand like ___ muscles in body builders
striated
physiologic hypertrophy:
- increased hormonal stimulation as in uterine muscles during ___
pregnancy
____: increase size of an organ or tissue as a result of increased number of component cells
hyperplasia
mechanism of hyperplasia:
- ADAPTIVE response to increase functional demand of tissue made up of ___ or ___ cells (___ divide)
labile
stable
can
____, ____ and __ ___ cells have little or no ability to become hyperplastic
heart
nerve
skeletal muscle
physiologic hyperplasia:
- hormonal
- epithelium of female breast at ___
- normal ___ cycle
puberty
menstrual
physiologic hyperplasia:
- compensatory
liver cells following partial ___
hepatectomy
pathological hyperplasia
- endometrium due to ___ estrogen stimulation
- adrenal glands due to ___ secretion of ACTH
excessive
increase
in hyperplasia there is ___ stimulus
known
hyperplasia is ____
reversible
the cells in hyperplasia look ___
normal
neoplasia may occur ____ stimulus
without
neoplasia is ____
irreversible
neoplasia is ___ in malignant
abnormal
____: replacement of one adult mature cell type by another cell type
metaplasia
mechanism of metaplasia: adaptive replacement of cells that are sensitive to stress by more __ ones (____ change)
resistant
reversible
___ metaplasia: replacement of columnar ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract –> stratified squamous epithelium in smokers
squamous
___ metaplasia: replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus –> mucous-secreting epithelium in reflux esophagitis (hiatal hernia)
glandular
__ ____: herniation of a portion of the gastric funds alongside the esophagus
paraesophageal hernia
____ metaplasia in scars and areas of muscle trauma
osseous
___: abnormality in maturation and differentiation of epithelium (___ condition)
dysplagia
premalignant
causes of dysplagia
- prolonged ____
- prolonged ___
- exposure to _____
irritation
inflammation
carninogenics
___ ___ detects dysplagia int he cervix
pap smear
pathological features of dysplagia
- ___ rate of cellular multiplication: numerous mitotic figures –> ___ epithelial bulk
increased
increased
pathological features of dysplagia
- loss of ___ of cells (ie pleomorphism)
uniformity
pathological features of dysplagia
- loss of epithelial _____ (ie squamous epithelium may not show the normal differentiation from basal cells)
polarity
nucleus is dysphagia
___ size
___ chromatin content
___ chromatin
increase size
increase chromatin content
abnormal chromatin
___ ____: abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues
pathological calcification
pathological calcification to the naked eye has fine white ___ or ___
granules
clumps
microscopic pathological calcification
- initiation of intracellular calcification occurs in the ____ of dead or dying cells
MITOCHONDRIA
microscopic pathologic calcification
- progressive deposition of several layers –> ___ appearance in the intracellular, extracellular or both
lamellated
____ ___ = lamellated appearance
psammoma bodies
___ calcification: deposition of calcium salts in dead or dying tissue
dystrophic
3 examples of dystrophic calcification
atherosclerosis
necrotic tissue
heart valve in rheumatic fever
___ calcification: deposition salts in normal tissue where there is hypercalcemia
metastatic
4 causes of metastatic calcification
hyperparathyroidism
vit D intoxication
hyperthyroidism
bone sumors
____: failure of development of an organ or structure with in it
agenesis
aplasia
_____: failure of the development of a lumen in normally tubular structure
atresia
___: failure of an organ to attain its normal size
hypoplasia
_____: failure of normal organ differentiation or persistence of primitive embryological structures
maldifferentiation
dysgenesis
____: development of mature tissue in an inappropriate site
ectopia
heteropia
