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T3- Patho unit 1 > Dani - ch 3 > Flashcards

Dani - ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

intracellular accumulation:

normal cells may ___ abnormal amounts of various substances

A

accumulate

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2
Q

intracellular accumulation:

- accumulation of cells can be either ____ or ____

A

transient

permanent

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3
Q

intracellular accumulation:

- may be ___ or may cause varying degrees of ___

A

harmless

injury

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4
Q

intracellular accumulation:

- substances may either be in ___ or ___

A

cytoplasm

nucleus

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5
Q

intracellular accumulation:

- substances may be synthesized by ___ cell or may be produced ____

A

affected

elsewhere

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6
Q

result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be divided into 3 types

A

a normal endogenous substance
lack of enzyme
accumulation of an abnormal substance

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7
Q

result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be a normal endogenous substnace is produced at a normal or increase rate, but the rate of metabolism is ___ to remove

A

inadequate

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8
Q

result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be a lack of ____ needed for metabolism of a normal or abnormal endogenous substance

A

enzyme

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9
Q

result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be an accumulation of an abnormal ___ substance

A

exogenous

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10
Q

a normal endogenous substance (abnormal metabolism) being accumulated happens in ____ ____ in the liver

A

fatty tissue

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11
Q

a lack of enzyme being accumulated happens in ____ _____ ____ (prevents the break down of substances)

A

lysosomal storage disease

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12
Q

abnormal exogenous substance (inability to degrade phagocytosed particles) being accumulated happens in ____ or ____ ____

A

carbon or silica particles

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13
Q

____= fatty change

A

steatosis

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14
Q

___ ___ (____): accumulation of TGs in cytoplam of parenchymal cells; appear as vacuoles; reversible

A

fatty change

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15
Q

fatty change is most often seen in the ____ and may also occur in 3 other organs

A

liver
heart
skeletal muscle
kidney

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16
Q

fatty change in the liver is most commonly caused by ____

A

alcohol

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17
Q

5 other reasons for fatty change in the liver other than alcohol

A 
obesity
diabetes
hypoxia
hepatotoxic drugs
protein malnutrition
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18
Q

pathogenesis of fatty change in the liver can be caused by the ___ synthesis of triglycerides secondary to ___ in fatty acids

A

increase

increase

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19
Q

alcohol can cause excess ___ and ___ synthesis of fatty acids in the liver

A

lipolysis

decreased

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20
Q

obesity can cause ___ fat intake in the liver

A

increased

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21
Q

diabetes and corticosteroids can cause excess ___ in the liver

A

lipolysis

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22
Q

hypoxia and hepatotoxins can cause ___ oxidation of fatty acids in the liver

A

decreased

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23
Q

decreased mobilization of TGs from the liver and decreased apoprotein formation in the liver can be caused by ____

A

malnutrition

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24
Q

fatty change to the naked eye in the liver looks ____, ____ and ____ and feels ___ and ___

A 
enlarged
yellow
greasy
soft
tender
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25
Q

fatty change microscopically in the liver has small clear fat ___ or large single one displacing the ____

A

vacuole

nucleus

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26
Q

fatty change microscopically

- ___ of contiguous cells –> fat vacuoles unite to form a fatty ___

A

rupture

cyst

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27
Q

alcohol used __ peripheral lipolysis, ___ FA synthesis and ___ FA oxidation

A

enhances
increase
decrease

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28
Q

fatty change in the heart is due to prolonged ___ and toxic ___

A

hypoxia

myocarditis

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29
Q

fatty change in the heart has yellow bands alternating with normal red-brown uninvoled bands aka ___ ___ and feels ___ and ___ to the naked eye

A

tabby cat

soft flabby

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30
Q

fatty change in the heart has fine fat vacuoles in rows within ___ ___

A

muscle fibers

31
Q

fatty change in the kidney looks ____, ___ and ___

A

enlarged
pale
soft

32
Q

fatty change in the kidney: fat vacuoles inside epithelial cells of ____ ___

A

concoluted tubules

33
Q

fatty change in the kidney: in severe cases all structures are involved including the ____

A

glomeruli

34
Q

in ____- cholesterol accumulated in smooth muscle cells and macrophages

A

atherosclerosis

35
Q

in ____: cholesterol accumulated in subepithelial CT –> yellow plaques commonly around the eyes

A

hyperlipidemia

36
Q

___= yellow plaques

A

xanthomas

37
Q

___ = yellow plaques in the eyes

A

xanthelasma

38
Q

in ___ of cell injury, lipid debris are phagocytosed –> lipid laden macrophages (foamy)

A

foci

39
Q

_____ _____: accumulation of immunoglobulins in cytoplasm of malignant plasma cells –> rounded eosinophilic bodies

A

multiple myeloma

40
Q

___ ___ = rounded eosinophilic bodies

A

russell bodies

41
Q

___ ____ (Nephrotic syndrome) = eosinophilic droplets of protein are seen in the cells of proximal convoluted tubules due to abnormal filtering of albumin

A

heavy proteinuria

42
Q

glycogen storage disease: glycogen can not be converted into glucose due to a congenital deficieny of ___ ___ ____

A

glucose 6 phosphatase

43
Q

___ ___: abnormality of glucose metabolism; glycogen accumulates inside the cells of liver, distal portion of proximal convoluted tubules, beta cells of islet of langerhan, and heart muscle cells

A

diabetes mellitus

44
Q

pigment accumulation: color substances can be either ___ or ___

A

exogenous

endogenous

45
Q

exogenous pigment accumulation comes from 2 things

A

anthracosis

tattoo

46
Q

endogenous pigment accumulation comes from 4 things

A

lipofuscin
melanin
hemosiderin
bilirubin

47
Q

2 hemoglobin derived endogenous pigments

A

hemosiderin

bilirubin

48
Q

____: accumulation of carbon particles or coal dust

A

anthracosis

49
Q

anthracosis: picked by macrophages in the ____ –> transported by the lymph to regional ___ ____

A

alveoli

lymph nodes

50
Q

2 effects of anthracosis: ___ of tissues and chronic ___ and ___

A

blackening
irritation
fibrosis

51
Q

___: injected pigment is picked up by dermal macrophage and remains in skin for life

A

tattoo

52
Q

___ is the wear and tear pigment

A

lipofuscin

53
Q

lipofuscin is a fine, yellow brown ____ granule

A

intracytoplasmic

54
Q

lipofuscin is made of degraded membranes of ____ orgnanelles

A

cytoplasmic

55
Q

lipofuscin is made of 3 things

A

lipids
phospholipids
proteins

56
Q

lipofuscin is seen in severe ___, advanced ___, progressive ___ and ___ of an organ

A

malnutrition
age
ischemia
atrophy

57
Q

lipofuscin is most common seen in cells of the ___, ___ and ___

A

liver
heart
brain

58
Q

lipofuscin: no functional ____

A

abnormality

59
Q

____: brown/black color skin pigment

A

melanin

60
Q

melanin: formed by ____ when tyrosinase enzyme converts tyrosine into dihydroxyphenylalanine

A

melanocytes

61
Q

melanin protects skin from ___ rays

A

UV

62
Q

melanin may be seen in some skin lesions as ___

A

melanomas

63
Q

iron is stored as golden-yellow-brownm hemoglobin-derived ____ granules

A

hemosiderin

64
Q

excess iron can be caused by an accumulation of ____ either locally/systemic

A

hemosiderin

65
Q

local accumulation of hemosiderin = is a _____ ___

A

skin bruis

66
Q

skin bruise is the lysis of ___

A

RBCs

67
Q

systemic accumulation of iron –> hemosiderin ___ in many tissues

A

deposits

68
Q

causes of systemic accumulation of hemosiderin:

  • ___ absorption of iron
  • impaired iron ____
  • ____ anemia
  • repeated blood ____
A

increase
utilization
hemolytic
transfusions

69
Q

___ is derived from hemoglobin (non-iron)

A

bilirubin

70
Q

increase serum level –> deposition of bilirubin in CT of skin, sclera and internal organs –> yellow greedn discoloration of ____

A

jaundice

71
Q

jaundice results in

  • ___ production of bilirubin
  • ___ excretion
  • ___ of bile flow
A

increase
decrease
obstruction

72
Q

increased production of bilirubin is due to ___ destruction of RBCs as in ___ anemia

A

increase

hemolytic

73
Q

decreased excretion of bilirubin is due to ___ diseases (hepatocellular jaundice)

A

liver

74
Q

obstruction of bile flow can be due to cancer of the ___ of pancreas

A

head

T3- Patho unit 1 (14 decks)

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