Dani - ch 3 Flashcards
intracellular accumulation:
normal cells may ___ abnormal amounts of various substances
accumulate
intracellular accumulation:
- accumulation of cells can be either ____ or ____
transient
permanent
intracellular accumulation:
- may be ___ or may cause varying degrees of ___
harmless
injury
intracellular accumulation:
- substances may either be in ___ or ___
cytoplasm
nucleus
intracellular accumulation:
- substances may be synthesized by ___ cell or may be produced ____
affected
elsewhere
result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be divided into 3 types
a normal endogenous substance
lack of enzyme
accumulation of an abnormal substance
result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be a normal endogenous substnace is produced at a normal or increase rate, but the rate of metabolism is ___ to remove
inadequate
result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be a lack of ____ needed for metabolism of a normal or abnormal endogenous substance
enzyme
result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be an accumulation of an abnormal ___ substance
exogenous
a normal endogenous substance (abnormal metabolism) being accumulated happens in ____ ____ in the liver
fatty tissue
a lack of enzyme being accumulated happens in ____ _____ ____ (prevents the break down of substances)
lysosomal storage disease
abnormal exogenous substance (inability to degrade phagocytosed particles) being accumulated happens in ____ or ____ ____
carbon or silica particles
____= fatty change
steatosis
___ ___ (____): accumulation of TGs in cytoplam of parenchymal cells; appear as vacuoles; reversible
fatty change
fatty change is most often seen in the ____ and may also occur in 3 other organs
liver
heart
skeletal muscle
kidney
fatty change in the liver is most commonly caused by ____
alcohol
5 other reasons for fatty change in the liver other than alcohol
obesity diabetes hypoxia hepatotoxic drugs protein malnutrition
pathogenesis of fatty change in the liver can be caused by the ___ synthesis of triglycerides secondary to ___ in fatty acids
increase
increase
alcohol can cause excess ___ and ___ synthesis of fatty acids in the liver
lipolysis
decreased
obesity can cause ___ fat intake in the liver
increased
diabetes and corticosteroids can cause excess ___ in the liver
lipolysis
hypoxia and hepatotoxins can cause ___ oxidation of fatty acids in the liver
decreased
decreased mobilization of TGs from the liver and decreased apoprotein formation in the liver can be caused by ____
malnutrition
fatty change to the naked eye in the liver looks ____, ____ and ____ and feels ___ and ___
enlarged yellow greasy soft tender
fatty change microscopically in the liver has small clear fat ___ or large single one displacing the ____
vacuole
nucleus
fatty change microscopically
- ___ of contiguous cells –> fat vacuoles unite to form a fatty ___
rupture
cyst
alcohol used __ peripheral lipolysis, ___ FA synthesis and ___ FA oxidation
enhances
increase
decrease
fatty change in the heart is due to prolonged ___ and toxic ___
hypoxia
myocarditis
fatty change in the heart has yellow bands alternating with normal red-brown uninvoled bands aka ___ ___ and feels ___ and ___ to the naked eye
tabby cat
soft flabby
fatty change in the heart has fine fat vacuoles in rows within ___ ___
muscle fibers
fatty change in the kidney looks ____, ___ and ___
enlarged
pale
soft
fatty change in the kidney: fat vacuoles inside epithelial cells of ____ ___
concoluted tubules
fatty change in the kidney: in severe cases all structures are involved including the ____
glomeruli
in ____- cholesterol accumulated in smooth muscle cells and macrophages
atherosclerosis
in ____: cholesterol accumulated in subepithelial CT –> yellow plaques commonly around the eyes
hyperlipidemia
___= yellow plaques
xanthomas
___ = yellow plaques in the eyes
xanthelasma
in ___ of cell injury, lipid debris are phagocytosed –> lipid laden macrophages (foamy)
foci
_____ _____: accumulation of immunoglobulins in cytoplasm of malignant plasma cells –> rounded eosinophilic bodies
multiple myeloma
___ ___ = rounded eosinophilic bodies
russell bodies
___ ____ (Nephrotic syndrome) = eosinophilic droplets of protein are seen in the cells of proximal convoluted tubules due to abnormal filtering of albumin
heavy proteinuria
glycogen storage disease: glycogen can not be converted into glucose due to a congenital deficieny of ___ ___ ____
glucose 6 phosphatase
___ ___: abnormality of glucose metabolism; glycogen accumulates inside the cells of liver, distal portion of proximal convoluted tubules, beta cells of islet of langerhan, and heart muscle cells
diabetes mellitus
pigment accumulation: color substances can be either ___ or ___
exogenous
endogenous
exogenous pigment accumulation comes from 2 things
anthracosis
tattoo
endogenous pigment accumulation comes from 4 things
lipofuscin
melanin
hemosiderin
bilirubin
2 hemoglobin derived endogenous pigments
hemosiderin
bilirubin
____: accumulation of carbon particles or coal dust
anthracosis
anthracosis: picked by macrophages in the ____ –> transported by the lymph to regional ___ ____
alveoli
lymph nodes
2 effects of anthracosis: ___ of tissues and chronic ___ and ___
blackening
irritation
fibrosis
___: injected pigment is picked up by dermal macrophage and remains in skin for life
tattoo
___ is the wear and tear pigment
lipofuscin
lipofuscin is a fine, yellow brown ____ granule
intracytoplasmic
lipofuscin is made of degraded membranes of ____ orgnanelles
cytoplasmic
lipofuscin is made of 3 things
lipids
phospholipids
proteins
lipofuscin is seen in severe ___, advanced ___, progressive ___ and ___ of an organ
malnutrition
age
ischemia
atrophy
lipofuscin is most common seen in cells of the ___, ___ and ___
liver
heart
brain
lipofuscin: no functional ____
abnormality
____: brown/black color skin pigment
melanin
melanin: formed by ____ when tyrosinase enzyme converts tyrosine into dihydroxyphenylalanine
melanocytes
melanin protects skin from ___ rays
UV
melanin may be seen in some skin lesions as ___
melanomas
iron is stored as golden-yellow-brownm hemoglobin-derived ____ granules
hemosiderin
excess iron can be caused by an accumulation of ____ either locally/systemic
hemosiderin
local accumulation of hemosiderin = is a _____ ___
skin bruis
skin bruise is the lysis of ___
RBCs
systemic accumulation of iron –> hemosiderin ___ in many tissues
deposits
causes of systemic accumulation of hemosiderin:
- ___ absorption of iron
- impaired iron ____
- ____ anemia
- repeated blood ____
increase
utilization
hemolytic
transfusions
___ is derived from hemoglobin (non-iron)
bilirubin
increase serum level –> deposition of bilirubin in CT of skin, sclera and internal organs –> yellow greedn discoloration of ____
jaundice
jaundice results in
- ___ production of bilirubin
- ___ excretion
- ___ of bile flow
increase
decrease
obstruction
increased production of bilirubin is due to ___ destruction of RBCs as in ___ anemia
increase
hemolytic
decreased excretion of bilirubin is due to ___ diseases (hepatocellular jaundice)
liver
obstruction of bile flow can be due to cancer of the ___ of pancreas
head
