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T3- Patho unit 1 > 1. wk 2 Celluar Rxn to injury (f) > Flashcards

1. wk 2 Celluar Rxn to injury (f) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three irriversable changes that occur to the cell membrane that is irriversable

A
  1. damage to the plasma membrane- loss of enzy, co-enzy, and RNA
  2. vacuolization of mitochondria- has fluid inside therefore looking empty
  3. release of lysosomal enzymes- digest cytoplasm
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2
Q

coagulative necrosis causes ____ to the ribosome

A

disaggregated

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3
Q

coagulative necrosis causes ___ & ___ to the nucleus

A
  1. condensed chromatin

2. shriveled membrane

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4
Q

coagulative necrossi causes ____ & ____ to the mitoch.

A

swelling & calcification

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5
Q

_____: snall dense nucleus

A

pyknosis

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6
Q

_____: fragmentation of the nucleus

A

karyorrhexis

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7
Q

_____: dissolution of nucleus by lysosomal enzymes

A

karyolysis

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8
Q

Damage of the nucleus can cause (3) irriversable conditions

A

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis

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9
Q

during early necrotic cells conditions what (3) c.c. are seen within the cell

A
  1. increase cytoplasmic eosinophilia
  2. loss of cytoplasmic RNA
  3. Nucleus bc small pyknosis
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10
Q

______: death of group of cel;s within a living body caused by injurious agent

A

necrosis

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11
Q

what are three nuclear changes during post-necrosis changes

A
  1. pyknosis
  2. karyorrhexis
  3. karyolysis
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12
Q

_____ is a cytoplasmic change during cell breakdown

A

swollen cytoplasm

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13
Q

_______ is an architectural change during necrosis

A

denaturation

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14
Q

_____ cells preserve the outline of the original tis during denaturation of proteins

A

necrotic cells

cell lysis - will not preserve the structure

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15
Q

cell ______ : the necrotic tis appears without structure during enzymatic digestion

A

cell lysis

necrotic cells- will keep the structure

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16
Q

What is the most common type of necrosis

A

coagulative necrosis

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17
Q

***coagulative necrosis occurs in all areas of the body except ____ &____

A

brain & abscesses

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18
Q

What is the cause of coagulative necrosis

A

ischemia (lack of O2)

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19
Q

Mechanism of coagulative necrosis is cell injury that causes intracellular ____

A

acidosis

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20
Q

There is inactivation of _____ during coagulative necrosis. Therefore, the cell will still maintain it’s shape

A

lysosomal enzymes

  • there is denaturation of cytoplasmic protein
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21
Q

a cell that appears pale, firm and swollen has undergone ______ necrosis

A

coagulative necrosis

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22
Q

_____ zone is seen where cells are starting to die but have not quite yet died

A

hemorrhagic zone

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23
Q

_____: means no oxygen

A

anoxic

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24
Q

The body will tx the dying area as a foreign body by:

A

sending more blood to it to cause acute inflam. This seals off the area from the healthy area

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25
Q

c.c.___________: mechanism is cell lysis prevailing over protein denaturation

A

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis

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26
Q

the necrotic tis of ______ is soft and liquid like

A

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis

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27
Q

c.c. a stroke is caused by _____ necrosis

A

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis

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28
Q

an abcess indicates ____ infection

A

bacterial infection

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29
Q

What are two causes of colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis

A
  1. necrotic lesion of brain
  2. suppurative inflam. (abscess)
  • suppurative means pus
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30
Q

Cerebral infarction is caused by ____ necrosis

A

liquefactive necrosis

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31
Q

the appearance of ____ necrosis appears cheesy white

A

caseous necrosis

32
Q

_____ causes caseous necrosis

A

TB

33
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of caseous necrosis

A
  1. coagulative necrosis w/ partial liquefaction
  2. necrotic cells neither retain their outline or disappear by lysis - (crumbly cheese)
  3. fragmented coagulated cell debris
34
Q

caseous necrosis is a combo of ___ & ____ necrosis

A

coagulative & liquefactive necrosis

35
Q

what is the major characteristic of caseous necrosis

A

granulomateous inflam

36
Q

Durig caseous necrosis areas of cavitation in the tiss can occur called _____

A

cystic spaces

  • the debris can be drained out by the bronchi whe it is in the lungs
37
Q

__________ necrosis is caused by trauma to fatty tis

A

traumatic fat necrosis

38
Q

traumatic fat necrosis is most prevalent in ___ & ___ tis

A

breast & subcutaneous tis

39
Q

Mechanism of traumatic fat necrosis

A

acute infl and fibrosis to the intracellular fat

40
Q

in fibrinoid necrosis there is a lost to the normal structure, it is replaced by ____ material that resembles fibrin

A

eosinophilic material

41
Q

2 causes of fibrinoid necrosis

A
  1. malignant hypertension
  2. autoimmune dx

(damage to the wall of blood vessels)

42
Q

(fibrinoid necrosis) malignant hypertension: necrosis of _____ of arterioles

A

tunica media of arterioles

  • causes leaakage of plasma protein & deposition of fibrin
43
Q

_____ arthritis is an ex. of fibriod necrosis

A

rheumatoid arthritis

- breakdown of products of collagen & fibrin

44
Q

_______: mass necrosis of tis due to vascular occlusion followed by putrefaction

A

gangrene

45
Q

_______ gangrene occurs in the toes and feet due to gradual occlusion of arteries

A

dry cangrene

46
Q

**dry gangrene is ____ necrosis

A

coagulative necrosis

47
Q

appearance of dry gangrene is :

A

dry, shrunken, mummified and black

48
Q

_________: appears btw gangrenous area and adject living tissue

A

line of demarcation

49
Q

Wet gangrene occurs in ____ injures and ____

A

crush injuries

```
intestinal strangulation
the venous blood is trapped and can not leave
~~~

50
Q

___ gangrene appears swollen, moist and black

A

wet gangrene

51
Q

** there is ____ necrosis in wet gangrene

A

liquefactive necrosis

52
Q

____ is the name of the bact that causes gas gangrene

A

clostridium perfringens

53
Q

________: is a condition caused by a contamination of deep wounds involving muscles with clostridium perfringens

A

gas gangrene

54
Q

upon palpation of a joint with _____ there will be crackling sensation

A

gas gengrene

bact: clostridium perfringens

55
Q

what is the difference btw apoptosis and necrosis

A

necrosis: tiss (many cell) death
apoptsis: cell death to one cell

56
Q

_____: death of single cells within clusters of other cells

A

apoptosis

57
Q

**What is the most common cause of cellular injury

A

hypoxia

  • ischemia : decrease blood supply
  • inadequate O2 in blood
  • loss of O2 carrying capacity in blood
58
Q

brain cells can’t survive w/o O2 for more than __-__ mins

A

3-5 mins

59
Q

myocardial fibers, hepatocytes & renal epithelium can last for __-__ hrs without O2

A

0.5-2 hours

60
Q

skin and Skeletal M can go without O2 for _____

A

several hours

61
Q

Hypoxia interferes with aerobic respiration in _____

A

mitochondria

oxidative phosphorylation & ATP generation

62
Q

During hypoxia there is a loss of ATP dependent NA+/K+ pump this causes : (3)

A
  1. cloudy appearance of swollen cells due to dispersion of cytoplasmic organelles
  2. cell membrane shows blunting of microvilli
  3. changes in cytoplasmic organelles
63
Q

there is swelling of the _____ during hypoxia

A

endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum during hypoxia causes (3):

A
  1. hydropic degeneration : swelling
  2. detached ribosomes - decrease protein synthesis
  3. ER appears fragmented (myelin figures)
65
Q

an accumulation of ER fragments during hypoxia is called ____

A

myelin figures

66
Q

Changes in (3) organelles will occur during hypoxia

A
  1. swelling of ER
  2. Swelling of Mitochondria: impaired ATP synthesis
  3. Swelling of lysosomes
67
Q

Metabolic changes during hypoxia will cause cell to use anaerobic glycolysis. This will cause pyruvate to be reduced to lacate and result in ____

A

acidosis - denaturing the structural and enzymatic proteins

68
Q

what is the first manifestation of cell injury that will be seen

A

cellular swelling

69
Q

A vacuole is a _____ inside a cell

A

a space or a cavity

70
Q

What are (2) non-lethal reversible changes after an injury

A
  1. cellular swelling

2. fatty changes

71
Q

________: is caused by release of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tis

A

enzymatic fat necrosis

72
Q

______ are patches formed of necrotic fat cells, calcification, and fibrosis

A

chalky white patches

73
Q

______: death of single cells within clusters of other cells

A

apoptosis

necrosis is death of many cells

74
Q

During the apoptotic bodies there is formation of ___ that separate into bodies

A

blebs

75
Q

**______ are apoptotic bodies by the liver cells

A

councilman bodies

76
Q

______: What is the most common form of cellular injury

A

hypoxia

77
Q

(3) causes of Hypoxia

A
  1. ischemia from decrease blood supply
  2. inadequate O2 of blood
  3. loss of O2 carrying capacity

T3- Patho unit 1 (14 decks)

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