1. wk 2 Celluar Rxn to injury (f) Flashcards
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What are three irriversable changes that occur to the cell membrane that is irriversable
- damage to the plasma membrane- loss of enzy, co-enzy, and RNA
- vacuolization of mitochondria- has fluid inside therefore looking empty
- release of lysosomal enzymes- digest cytoplasm
coagulative necrosis causes ____ to the ribosome
disaggregated
coagulative necrosis causes ___ & ___ to the nucleus
- condensed chromatin
2. shriveled membrane
coagulative necrossi causes ____ & ____ to the mitoch.
swelling & calcification
_____: snall dense nucleus
pyknosis
_____: fragmentation of the nucleus
karyorrhexis
_____: dissolution of nucleus by lysosomal enzymes
karyolysis
Damage of the nucleus can cause (3) irriversable conditions
pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis
during early necrotic cells conditions what (3) c.c. are seen within the cell
- increase cytoplasmic eosinophilia
- loss of cytoplasmic RNA
- Nucleus bc small pyknosis
______: death of group of cel;s within a living body caused by injurious agent
necrosis
what are three nuclear changes during post-necrosis changes
- pyknosis
- karyorrhexis
- karyolysis
_____ is a cytoplasmic change during cell breakdown
swollen cytoplasm
_______ is an architectural change during necrosis
denaturation
_____ cells preserve the outline of the original tis during denaturation of proteins
necrotic cells
cell lysis - will not preserve the structure
cell ______ : the necrotic tis appears without structure during enzymatic digestion
cell lysis
necrotic cells- will keep the structure
What is the most common type of necrosis
coagulative necrosis
***coagulative necrosis occurs in all areas of the body except ____ &____
brain & abscesses
What is the cause of coagulative necrosis
ischemia (lack of O2)
Mechanism of coagulative necrosis is cell injury that causes intracellular ____
acidosis
There is inactivation of _____ during coagulative necrosis. Therefore, the cell will still maintain it’s shape
lysosomal enzymes
- there is denaturation of cytoplasmic protein
a cell that appears pale, firm and swollen has undergone ______ necrosis
coagulative necrosis
_____ zone is seen where cells are starting to die but have not quite yet died
hemorrhagic zone
_____: means no oxygen
anoxic
The body will tx the dying area as a foreign body by:
sending more blood to it to cause acute inflam. This seals off the area from the healthy area
c.c.___________: mechanism is cell lysis prevailing over protein denaturation
colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis
the necrotic tis of ______ is soft and liquid like
colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis
c.c. a stroke is caused by _____ necrosis
colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis
an abcess indicates ____ infection
bacterial infection
What are two causes of colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis
- necrotic lesion of brain
- suppurative inflam. (abscess)
- suppurative means pus
Cerebral infarction is caused by ____ necrosis
liquefactive necrosis
the appearance of ____ necrosis appears cheesy white
caseous necrosis
_____ causes caseous necrosis
TB
What are the 3 mechanisms of caseous necrosis
- coagulative necrosis w/ partial liquefaction
- necrotic cells neither retain their outline or disappear by lysis - (crumbly cheese)
- fragmented coagulated cell debris
caseous necrosis is a combo of ___ & ____ necrosis
coagulative & liquefactive necrosis
what is the major characteristic of caseous necrosis
granulomateous inflam
Durig caseous necrosis areas of cavitation in the tiss can occur called _____
cystic spaces
- the debris can be drained out by the bronchi whe it is in the lungs
__________ necrosis is caused by trauma to fatty tis
traumatic fat necrosis
traumatic fat necrosis is most prevalent in ___ & ___ tis
breast & subcutaneous tis
Mechanism of traumatic fat necrosis
acute infl and fibrosis to the intracellular fat
in fibrinoid necrosis there is a lost to the normal structure, it is replaced by ____ material that resembles fibrin
eosinophilic material
2 causes of fibrinoid necrosis
- malignant hypertension
- autoimmune dx
(damage to the wall of blood vessels)
(fibrinoid necrosis) malignant hypertension: necrosis of _____ of arterioles
tunica media of arterioles
- causes leaakage of plasma protein & deposition of fibrin
_____ arthritis is an ex. of fibriod necrosis
rheumatoid arthritis
- breakdown of products of collagen & fibrin
_______: mass necrosis of tis due to vascular occlusion followed by putrefaction
gangrene
_______ gangrene occurs in the toes and feet due to gradual occlusion of arteries
dry cangrene
**dry gangrene is ____ necrosis
coagulative necrosis
appearance of dry gangrene is :
dry, shrunken, mummified and black
_________: appears btw gangrenous area and adject living tissue
line of demarcation
Wet gangrene occurs in ____ injures and ____
crush injuries
```
intestinal strangulation
the venous blood is trapped and can not leave
~~~
___ gangrene appears swollen, moist and black
wet gangrene
** there is ____ necrosis in wet gangrene
liquefactive necrosis
____ is the name of the bact that causes gas gangrene
clostridium perfringens
________: is a condition caused by a contamination of deep wounds involving muscles with clostridium perfringens
gas gangrene
upon palpation of a joint with _____ there will be crackling sensation
gas gengrene
bact: clostridium perfringens
what is the difference btw apoptosis and necrosis
necrosis: tiss (many cell) death
apoptsis: cell death to one cell
_____: death of single cells within clusters of other cells
apoptosis
**What is the most common cause of cellular injury
hypoxia
- ischemia : decrease blood supply
- inadequate O2 in blood
- loss of O2 carrying capacity in blood
brain cells can’t survive w/o O2 for more than __-__ mins
3-5 mins
myocardial fibers, hepatocytes & renal epithelium can last for __-__ hrs without O2
0.5-2 hours
skin and Skeletal M can go without O2 for _____
several hours
Hypoxia interferes with aerobic respiration in _____
mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation & ATP generation
During hypoxia there is a loss of ATP dependent NA+/K+ pump this causes : (3)
- cloudy appearance of swollen cells due to dispersion of cytoplasmic organelles
- cell membrane shows blunting of microvilli
- changes in cytoplasmic organelles
there is swelling of the _____ during hypoxia
endoplasmic reticulum
swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum during hypoxia causes (3):
- hydropic degeneration : swelling
- detached ribosomes - decrease protein synthesis
- ER appears fragmented (myelin figures)
an accumulation of ER fragments during hypoxia is called ____
myelin figures
Changes in (3) organelles will occur during hypoxia
- swelling of ER
- Swelling of Mitochondria: impaired ATP synthesis
- Swelling of lysosomes
Metabolic changes during hypoxia will cause cell to use anaerobic glycolysis. This will cause pyruvate to be reduced to lacate and result in ____
acidosis - denaturing the structural and enzymatic proteins
what is the first manifestation of cell injury that will be seen
cellular swelling
A vacuole is a _____ inside a cell
a space or a cavity
What are (2) non-lethal reversible changes after an injury
- cellular swelling
2. fatty changes
________: is caused by release of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tis
enzymatic fat necrosis
______ are patches formed of necrotic fat cells, calcification, and fibrosis
chalky white patches
______: death of single cells within clusters of other cells
apoptosis
necrosis is death of many cells
During the apoptotic bodies there is formation of ___ that separate into bodies
blebs
**______ are apoptotic bodies by the liver cells
councilman bodies
______: What is the most common form of cellular injury
hypoxia
(3) causes of Hypoxia
- ischemia from decrease blood supply
- inadequate O2 of blood
- loss of O2 carrying capacity