d2.3 syllabus

Question 1

“hypertonic”,

Answer 1

higher solute concentration

water leaves cell, shrinks and crenates

flaccid

Question 2

hypotonic

Answer 2

lower solute concentraiton

water enters cell

swells and becomes turgin and can burst

Question 3

isotonic

Answer 3

having same solute concentration

equilibrium so no movement

Question 4

word for shirnk

Answer 4

crenation in hypertonic

Question 5

removal of water vacuoles

Answer 5

contractile vacuoles used in freshwater unicellular organisms to prevent harmful cjamge away from isotonic

Question 6

pressure is the

Answer 6

turgor pressure in hypotonic

plasmolysis in hypertonic

Question 7

isotonic solutions ar eused in

Answer 7

medical with intravenous fluids as medical treatment and bathing organs for transplants

Question 8

unit for water potential

Answer 8

kPa killopascals

values are relative to 20ºc and rtp

Question 9

the water potential equation

Answer 9

ψw = ψs + ψp

water potential= solute potential + pressure potential

Question 10

water potential is

Answer 10

Water potential is a measure of the potential energy of water in a system, with higher water potential meaning more free energy available for movement.

Water moves from higher to lower water potential because systems naturally shift toward lower energy states, driven by osmosis, gravity, or pressure differences, until equilibrium is reached.

Question 11

solute potential ranges from

Answer 11

0 (none) to negative

Question 12

pressure potwntials are

Answer 12

+ in cells

Question 13

Higher water potential means

Answer 13

water has more free energy and is more likely to move.

LESS SOLUTES

Question 14

In a hypertonic solution (lower water potential than the cell), water moves

Answer 14

out of the cells due to the higher solute concentration outside, leading to a decrease in pressure potential (Ψp) and causing the cell membrane to shrink away from the wall in a process called plasmolysis.

Question 15

formation of dipeptide

Answer 15

amino acid + amino acid = dipeptide + water

Question 16

Indirect active transport works by

Answer 16

using energy from one solute moving down its gradient to move another solute against its gradient

Question 17

Transport vesicles

Answer 17

move materials within the cell,

Question 18

secretory vesicles ,

Answer 18

transport substances for secretion

Question 19

Remember that the hydrogen bonds in tertiary structures arebetween the

Answer 19

R groupswhereas in secondary structures the hydrogen bonds form between the amino and carboxyl group

Question 20

stem cells are found in

Answer 20

embryonic tissue and in the

blastocyst

Question 21

alpha-glucose

Answer 21

starch branched, helical

Question 22

beta-glucose

Answer 22

cellulose unbranched, straight