A2.1

Question 1

when earth first originates the gasses were

Answer 1

mathane e ammonia, no o2 so no ozone layer

Question 2

earths core was forst

Answer 2

molten so more movement there was a smaller magnetic field and more cosmic + sun radiation cause

Question 3

the earth had a reducing atmosphere cause

Answer 3

there were many reducing elements which gave electrons and started chemical reactions

Question 4

endocytosis

Answer 4

cell process where substances are brought into cell

Question 5

spontaneous origin of cell 1)
simple organic molecules

Answer 5

like amino acids and hydrocarbons chains formed

Question 6

spontaneous origin of cell 2) chemical reactions were

Answer 6

accelerated by catalysts

Question 7

spontaneous origin of cell 3)
larger organic molecules like

Answer 7

RNA and phospholipids were assembled from smaller molecules

Question 8

spontaneous origin of cell 4) some of these molecules like

Answer 8

rna were able to self replicate

Question 9

spontaneous origin of cell 5) formation of a

Answer 9

mebrane compartment was able to give the cell a diffrent internal chemistry to the outside, allowing for optimum temperatures to be done

Question 10

protocell

Answer 10

simple self organised cell like structure belived to the the first cell on earth

Question 11

in 1952

Answer 11

2 scientists miller e urgy stimulated earth pre biotic conditions to prove spontaneuous formation of organic molecules

Question 12

the miller urgy system inclued

Answer 12

water for ocean stimulator
inert gas to add h, methane e ammonia
electrical sparks- to show electrical storms

Question 13

in the experiment, water was vaporised, run througb gases and

Answer 13

electrical sparks, condensed and the droplets collected represented primodrdial soup and had organic monomers

Question 14

to make a cell mebrane

Answer 14

fatty acid spontaneously merged to form spherical bilayer

Question 15

however, now we think

Answer 15

the atmosphere was less reducign than miller urgy thought which canges the outcome

Question 16

it is thought rna was the

Answer 16

basic for first cell formation, acting as catalyst and genetic materialot

Question 17

other hypothesis on how cells originated

Answer 17

metabolism first, the sulfir world and the lipid world

Question 18

the metabolism first theory

Answer 18

like begain with a simple reaction and formed metabolic paths

Question 19

the sulfur world theory

Answer 19

first lif forms were based on fe sulfur

Question 20

the lipid world theory

Answer 20

the lipid bilayers evolved before rna, providing protective layers

Question 21

3 domains of life

Answer 21

bacteria
archaea
eukaryota (forms from the other 2)

Question 22

they have found

Answer 22

355 genes thougbt to been found in luca

Question 23

LUCA

Answer 23

last universal common ancestor
rna genome single celld

Question 24

luca existed

Answer 24

3.5-2.5 billion years ago and was in hydrothermal vents rich with h and minerals , was annaerobic

Question 25

phylogenetic analysis

Answer 25

provides indepth understanding of how species evolved thorugh genetic changes

Question 26

rna theory

it could

Answer 26

replicate from ribozymes and catalyse protine synthesis

Question 27

spontaneous origin of cells

Answer 27

1. simple molecules like like amino acids and hydrocarbons chains formed

2) chemical reactions were
accelerated by catalysts

3) larger organic molecules like
RNA and phospholipids were assembled from smaller molecules

4) molecules (rna) to self replicate

5) formation of a
mebrane compartment