b2.3 syllabus Flashcards
how do cells know what direction to specilases
the morphogen wil be released from the center, ans based on how much the cells recive they will specialise
examples of adult stem cell niches
bone marrow (make rbc) and hair follicles
Stem cells are
unspecialised cells that have two key qualities:
Self renewal – They can continually divide and replicate
Potency – They have the capacity to differentiate into specific cell types
Totipotent –
Can form any cell type and develop into entirely new organisms
Pluripotent –
Can form any cell type arising from the three germ layers
Multipotent
– Can only form a number of closely related cell types
umbilical chord
proliferation meaning
An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.
differentiation.
specilaising during development
cholesterol and fats are transported in a
lipoprotein complex
reasons for diffrent propertie swhen denatured
the phobic aa which are in the center (soluble) can be let out (insoluble)
how do modified bacteria prpduce human proteins
gm bacteria has human gene
the dna bases is in the same order
the correct sequence of aa fold to produce the protein (insulin)
why might enzymes from animals) be less effective at treating us
diffrent enzyme shapes
our receptors bind to human enzymens most efficiently
most abundant protein in leaves
RuBisCo
fixes co2 from atmosphere during photosynthesis
protein structure for immunoglobins
bind to certan antigens
only one immunogloblin for 1 antigen
3d complementary shape
imunoglobins have specific binding sites
properties of membrane bpund proteins
(phillic vs phobic)
outer regions have aa with phillic r groups (they touch water)
inner regions have aa with phobic r groups (they dont touch water)
3d shape folded to preform the role
uses of proteins
enzymes
cell membrane protein s
hormones
structural proteins
histones in dna
