(D) BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards
1
Q
Cyanosis is indicated by what?
A
Bluish tint of the mucous membranes
2
Q
Describe healthy mucous membranes.
A
Bright and moist and have a clear, pink color.
3
Q
Mucous membranes that are blue indicate a deficiency of what?
A
Oxygen
4
Q
Mucous membranes that are dark red or purple indicate what?
A
Severe shock or toxemia
5
Q
Mucous membranes that are pale indicate what?
A
Anemia or shock
6
Q
Mucous membranes that are yellow or jaundiced indicate what?
A
Liver disease
7
Q
Name 3 factors that can cause temperature variations in a horse.
A
Time of day, age, sex, ambient temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation, level and intensity of activity, and disease state.
8
Q
The mucous membranes typically examined are where?
A
Inner eyelids, inside of the nostrils, inner lips and gums, and vulva of the mare
9
Q
What does TPR mean?
A
Temperature, pulse, and respiration
10
Q
What is the body temperature of the average horse?
A
100 to 101.5 degrees Fahrenheit
11
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for a resting horse?
A
30-45 beats per minute
12
Q
What is the normal respiration rate for a resting horse?
A
8-15 breaths per minute
13
Q
Which should be lower, pulse rate, or respiration rate?
A
Respiration rate
14
Q
Horses will produce how much urine per day?
A
4-7 quarts
15
Q
Horses will usually void urine how often?
A
5-7 times per day
16
Q
How is capillary refill time determined?
A
By pressing the thumb against the upper gum of the horse for a couple of seconds. Upon release of the thumb pressure, they should appear white but immediately return to its normal color within approximately 2 seconds
17
Q
If capillary refill time takes longer than 3 seconds to return to normal, what does it indicate?
A
Poor blood perfusion that can be a result of dehydration or shock
18
Q
The adult horse should ordinarily produce how many pounds of fecal matter in one day?
A
28-50 pounds
19
Q
The color of a horse’s feces is generally an indication of what?
A
Diet
20
Q
The color of horse’s urine is usually what color?
A
Pale
21
Q
What is CRT an indication of?
A
Blood circulation
22
Q
A horse cannot see closer than what with its binocular vision?
A
4 feet
23
Q
The horse’s wide eye position allows what?
A
The horse to see areas on each side of its body
24
Q
What are the 2 types of vision possessed by the horse?
A
Monocular and binocular
25
What is easier for a horse to do, focus on an object or detect movement?
Detect movement
26
What must a horse do to see close objects?
Raise its head
27
What must a horse do to see faraway objects?
Lower its head
28
Which of the horse’s 2 types of vision is weaker?
Binocular
29
Where are the most sensitive areas to touch on a horse?
Around the eyes, ears, and nose
30
Which is stronger, a horse’s sense of hearing or sight?
Hearing
31
How many bones are in the pelvic limbs?
40
32
How many bones are in the thoracic limbs?
40
33
Joints that are lined with a membrane that secretes a lubrication fluid are called what?
Synovial joints
34
Name the 2 types of bone marrow.
Yellow and red
35
Name the 4 classifications of bones.
Long, short, irregular, flat
36
Ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis, and scapular are examples of what type of bone?
Flat bones
37
The horse’s skull contains how many bones?
34
38
The junction where 2 or more bones meet is called what?
A joint
39
The skeletal system can be divided into 2 groups. Name them.
Axial skeleton, and appendicular skeleton
40
The skeletal system of the horse contains how many ribs?
36
41
The skeletal system of the horse is made up of how many bones?
205
42
The vertebral column contains how many bones?
54
43
What are sesamoid bones?
Small bones embedded within a tendon when it traverses over an angular structure
44
What connects 2 muscles together?
Tendons
45
What is the main function of long bones?
To act as levers, aid in locomotion, and provide support for the body
46
What is the purpose of the flat bones?
To enclose and protect vital organs
47
What is the purpose of the irregular bones?
To protect the central nervous system
48
What is the purpose of the short bones?
To absorb concussion
49
Where are the long bones found?
In the limbs
50
Where are the short bones located?,
In the joints
51
Which bones store minerals and contain marrow cavities?
Long bones
52
Which of the 2 types of skeletal systems contains the bones in the limbs?
Appendicular skeleton
53
Which of the 2 types of skeletal systems contains the bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and pelvis?
Axial skeleton
54
Name the 6 joints in the thoracic limbs.
Shoulder, elbow, carpus, fetlock, pattern, coffin
55
Name the 7 joints in the pelvic limbs.
Sacro-iliac, hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, coffin
56
Blood flows through a series of blood vessels known as what system?
Vascular system
57
Blood flowing away from the heart passes through what 2 things to reach the capillaries?
Arteries and arterioles
58
Blood is carried back to the heart through what?
Veins
59
Blood returning to the heart exits the capillaries through what before it is carried back to the heart?
Venules
60
The cardiovascular system consists of what 3 things?
Blood, vessels, and heart
61
The horse’s heart can be divided into 4 chambers. Name them.
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle
62
The right atrium and ventricle pump blood to the lungs via what?
Pulmonary artery
63
What side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right
64
Where in the horse is the heart located?
Girth area
65
How is cardiac output calculated?
Multiply the stroke volume by the heart rate
66
How much blood pumps with each heart beat?
0.8 to 1.2 liters per beat
67
The amount of blood pumped in one minute is called what?
Cardiac output
68
The average adult horse contains approximately how much blood?
50 liters or 13 gallons
69
The bicuspid valve is commonly referred to as what?
Mitral valve
70
The maximum heart rate of a horse is what?
Approximately 230 beats/min
71
What is located between the left ventricle and the aorta?
Aortic valve
72
What is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary valve
73
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood that the heart pumps with each heart beat
74
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
To deliver oxygen from the lungs to individual tissues in the body
75
What prevents blood from backing up into the ventricles?
Semilunar valves
76
What side of the heart pumps blood back throughout the body?
Left
77
Where are the atrioventricular valves located?
Between the atria and the ventricles
78
Where is the bicuspid valve located?
Let side of the heart
79
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
Right side of the heart
80
Skin is composed of what three layers?
Epidermis, dermis, and subcutis
81
What are melanocytes?
Pigmented cells responsible for skin color and melanin production
82
What gives skin its elastic property?
Collagen
83
What is the function of the dermis?
Provide nutritional support to the epidermis
84
What is the largest organ of the body?
Skin
85
What is the main function of the skin?
Protection/physical barrier
86
What is the thickest layer of skin?
Epidermis
87
What skin later are nerves located?
Dermis
88
Where is collagen produced?
Dermis
89
What does signalment mean?
Detailed physical description of your horse
90
What does subcutis mean?
Under the skin
91
Where is the cutaneous trunci muscle located?
Subcutaneous later of the skin
92
Muscle fibers are grouped into brunches called what?
Fascicles
93
The repeating pattern of filaments forms a structure called what?
Sarcomere
94
What is a sarcolemma?
The cell membrane of the muscle fiber
95
What is the primary function of muscles?
To generate movement
96
Skeletal muscles fibers can be divided into 2 categories. Name them.
Slow and fast
97
What is the largest muscle in the hindquarters?
Gluteus Maximus
98
What is the smallest muscle in the hindquarters?
Gluteus minimus
99
What type of muscles are used for activities that require high levels of strength or force?
Fast muscles
100
What type of muscles are used to maintain posture?
Slow muscles
101
What are the 8 criteria fo renaming muscles?
Size, length, shape, fiber orientation, mechanical action, number of origins, location of origin or insertion, function
102
What are the types of muscle fibers?
Type I, IIA, IIB
103
When a muscle contracts the contractile filaments shorten requiring what for energy?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
104
How long does food remain in the stomach before passing into the small intestine?
15 to 45 minutes
105
How long is the cecum?
4 feet
106
How long is the horse’s esophagus?
50 to 60 inches long
107
How long is the horse’s small intestine?
70 feet
108
How long is the large colon?
10-12 feet long
109
How long is the small colon?
10 to 12 feet long
110
How much does the cecum hold?
32 quarts
111
How much does the horse’s small intestine hold?
48 quarts
112
How much does the horse’s stomach hold?
8 to 19 quarts
113
How much does the large colon hold?
80 quarts
114
How much does the small colon hold?
16 quarts
115
Passage of feeds from the small intestine takes how long?
Approximately 30 to 90 minutes
116
The section of the horse’s digestive system from the cecum to the rectum is called what?
Hindgut
117
The section of the horse’s digestive system from the mouth to the ileum is called what?
Foregut
118
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, and K
119
What are villi?
Small finger-like projections from the lining of the small intestine
120
What si the final organ of the digestive tract?
Rectum
121
What is the function of the esophagus?
Moving feedstuffs from the pharynx to the stomach
122
What is the primary site for fat digestion and absorption?
Small intestine
123
What is the rate of passage through the hind-gut?
36 to 72 hours
124
What is the site of the majority of nutrient absorption?
Small intestine
125
What organ of the digestive tract is responsible for limited enzyme digestion?
Stomach
126
What organ of the digestive tract is responsible for the absorption of fats?
Small intestine
127
What organ of the digestive tract is responsible for the absorption of phosphorus?
Small intestine
128
What percentage of digestive capacity is the cecum?
15%
129
What percentage of digestive capacity is the stomach?
8%
130
What percentage of digestive capacity is the large colon?
38%
131
What percentage of digestive capacity is the small intestine?
30%
132
What percentage of digestive capacity is the small colon?
9%
133
Where are B-vitamins, calcium and phosphorus absorbed?
Small intestine
134
List the parts of the digestive system in order.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum
135
The synthesis of B-vitamins occurs where?
Large intestine
136
The synthesis of vitamin K occurs where?
Large intestine
137
What are the accessory organs that aid in digestion?
Teeth, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
138
What is the primary function of the small colon?
Water absorption
139
What is the exterior opening of the reproductive canal in mares?
Vulva
140
The end of the oviduct closes to the ovary is called what?
Infundibulum
141
The uterus is suspended within the body cavity by what?
Broad ligament
142
The vagina in a mare is how long?
6 - 8 inches
143
The Y or T shaped organ in the mare that is responsible for contractions is called what?
Uterus
144
What is the inner layer of the ovary called?
Cortex
145
What is the isthmus?
The final portion of the oviduct which is connected to the uterine horn
146
What is the medulla?
Highly vascularized outer portion of the ovary
147
From what portion of the ovary is the ovum shed?
Ovulation fossa
148
What is the physical barrier between the vagina and the uterus?
Cervix
149
Where does fertilization of the ovum occur?
Ampulla
