CWC Unit #3 Exam Study Flashcards
Alexander the Great - Who/When/Where/Significance
Macedonian King. Student of Aristotle
356 - 323 BC
Greece
Conquered lands from Greece, Egypt, and India, Hellenization
Anthony - Who/When/Where/Significance
prosperous peasant who went to the desert to live a life from Christ and pursue holiness
251 - 356 AD
Egypt
Followed Jesus intructions, gave up himself and his desires to go into the desert as a sacrifice; Stressed the importance of suffering for God
Aristotle - Who/When/Where/Significance
Student of Plato; Greek Philosopher
300s BC
Athens
difference from Plato in that he thought studying the world was an important and worthwhile task; He thought that form and matter were inseparable, therefore research of matter and earthly things was the way in which knowledge could be gained
Athenian Democracy - What/When/Where/Significance
The way Greeks voted as an assembly for laws
400s BC
Athens
This way of voting had a strong influenced on governments that followed, even today
Augustine - Who/When/Where/Significance
Professor of Rhetoric, Bishop of Hippo
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Spent his life searching for truth and justice; Had a sinful youth; Had 4 conversions; (Manichaeism > Christian Neoplatonism > Heart conversion to Christianity > Theological Conversion); Wrote Confessions
Augustus Caesar - Who/When/Where/Significance
Julius Caesar’s nehpew, adopted son
31 BC - 14 AD
Rome
Roman ruler after Julius Caesar’s death; Restored the Roman Republic, stabilized the empire for over 400 years
Christian Apologists - Who/When/Where/Significance
Christians who made intellectual arguments for their faith
2nd century AD
Interact with culture (ex: Justin Martyr)
City of God - What/When/Where/Significance
A writing by Augustine expressing Christian philosophy of government and history
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Writing about how the Christians should live within a pagan world, influencing the world and not becoming it
Constantine - Who/When/Where/Significance
First emperor of Rome
272 - 337 AD
Rome
Legalized Christianity; founded Constantinople; Grew Christianity throughout Rome
Donatism - What/When/Where/Significance
a belief by a group of North African Christians, said the validity of sacraments was based on the preists’ holiness
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
Augustine opposes donatism, he says that sacraments are from and about God, rather than the priest performing them
Gnostics - Who/When/Where/Significance
A religious group that believed Christ descended into Jesus
2nd Cent AD
They believed that matter was evil, therefore Jesus couldn’t be God; Christ + Wisdom = Jesus
Homer - Who/When/Where/Significance
Greek Poet
700 BC
Greece
Wrote the Iliad and the Odessey, literature that inspired and exemplified Greek values of heroism and honor into young Greeks as they were educated
Maccabean Revolt - What/When/Where/Significance
Revolt by the Maccabean’s for the Jews
167-142 BC
Isrsael
Revolt by Jews who didn’t want to conform to Hellenization
Pelagius - Who/When/Where/Significance
a man who debated with Augustine over original sin
400 AD
North Africa, Italy
He was declared a heretic for his views on original sin. He believed that original sin wasn’t a thing because we were made in Jesus’ image and we should have the opportunity to live up to goodness.
Perpetua - Who/When/Where/Significance
a martyr, died for her faith
182-203 AD
Carthage
Followed Jesus’ instructions, gave up her own life for the sake of her faith; was loyal to God over her father and state
Plato - Who/When/Where/Significance
Greek Philosopher
428 - 347 BC
Athens
Was a student of Socrates, he shared a lot of his teachings
Socrates - Who/When/Where/Significance
Greek Philosopher that taught Plato; a Sophist
469 - 399 BC
Athens
Pursuit of truth and wisdom; developed the socratic method (truth through questions); believed that knowledge was found within
Tertullian - Who/When/Where/Significance
Lawyer who sought to make Christianity reasonable to Roman officials
155 - 220 AD
Rome
Warn Christians against heretics; don’t conform faith to philosophy
Ad Fontes - What/When/Where/Significance
“back to the transcripts”
Recovery of latin transcripts; respect for classical values
Anabaptists - Who/When/Where/Significance
Radical Reformers, “rebaptizers”, “Swiss-brethren”
16th century
Switzerland, then Northern and Central Europe
literal application of Sola Scripture; attempt to model a NT Church; emphasized adult baptism, pacifism, and witnessing by withdrawing from culture; Persecuted by Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists; Separation from the world; Separation of church and state
Averroes - Who/When/Where/Significance
muslim; major commentator on the works of Aristotle; a chief judge and physician
1126-1198
Cordoba, Spain and Morocco
Argued that Islam not only allows, but requires scholarly work
study past scholars and work that is already done
Benedict - Who/When/Where/Significance
Catholic Monk
480-547
Cassino, Italy
“You have the choice, to obey God or not; his purpose is to motivate us to respond fully, generously, and joyously.”; Promoted a life based on prayer and work; More community style of Monasticism
Black Death - What/When/Where/Significance
a disease
1346-1353
Europe
75-200 million killed; 1/3 - 1/2 of all of Europe; Originated in C. Asia; traveled along trade routes
Calvin - Who/When/Where/Significance
Started the calvinists
1530s
Geneva, Switzerland
theological emphasis on human depravity and God’s sovereignty; individuals should follow God’s calling; bottom –> up power system
Charlemagne - Who/When/Where/Significance
Supporter of the Church and the Roman Emperor
768-814
Aachen, Germany
wanted to unite Germanic tribes into a single Christian kingdom; crowned “King of the Romans” on Christmas Day in 800 AD; Established a formal relationship between the pope and the king
Council of Trent - Who/When/Where/Significance
Meeting of Roman Catholic Leaders
1500s
Italy
Addressed the abuses of the church; reaffirmed roman doctrines; banned certain books; reaffirmed church authority and tradition
Elizabeth I - Who/When/Where/Significance
Queen of England
1533-1603
England
The Comprimise - made England a protestant church
Erasmus - Who/When/Where/Significance
Dutch Christian Humanist
1466-1536
Netherlands
“We need God’s Grace”; Reconstructed the NT in Greek; key figure in reformation; wanted to fix the church from within
Francis of Assisi - Who/When/Where/Significance
Italian Monk
1181-1226
Assisi, Italy
Founded Franciscan Monasticism; dedicating life to itinerant preaching, life of poverty and service
Great (Western) Schism - What/When/Where/Significance
Papacy returns to Rome
1378-1417
Rome
Popes and Antipopes; French cardinals select competing Pope; Council of Constantine resolves the dispute in 1415
Gutenberg Printing Press - What/When/Where/Significance
a printing press developed by Johannes Gutenberg
1440
Mainz, Germany
mass printing of documents and books
High Middle Ages - What/When/Where/Significance
Period of growth in the middle ages
1000-1300
Europe
Thriving culture; growth of cities and populations; growth of universities and cathedrals
Hildegard of Bingen - Who/When/Where/Significance
Abbess (leader of monastery for women), composer, scientist, and advisor to kings and popes
1098-1179
Bingen, Germany
Known for her visions from God; demonstrates direct spritual experience, visible role of women in medieval life
Ignatius Loyola - Who/When/Where/Significance
A soldier
1400s-1500s
Spain
formed the Jesuits; the church = the bride of christ; we must follow what the church says
Italian Renaissance - What/When/Where/Significance
Italian movement and time period
1350-1550
Italy
Humanism and individualism
Machiavelli - Who/When/Where/Significance
Author
1400s-1500s
Italy
Sometimes christianity needs to be rejected; leaders should be feared, no hated; only appear good; gave rules on how to be a good king
Martin Luther - Who/When/Where/Significance
Reformer
1400s-1500s
Germany
wrote the 95 thesis; Augustinian monk; translated the Bible into German; became anti-semetic; believed in political stability; convicted as a heretic
Muhammad - Who/When/Where/Significance
a prophet
570-632
Mecca
Received visions from the Angel Gabriel, these visions form the Qur’an
Protestant Reformation - What/When/Where/Significance
Religious and political movement
early 16th century
Germany
Claimed the Catholic Church was corrupt, was led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin
Sacraments - What/When/Where/Significance
a Christian rite that is recognized as being particularly important and significant
confirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215
crucial to a Christian’s salvation, acting as visible signs of God’s grace and marking key life events
Thomas Aquinas - Who/When/Where/Significance
Western Medieval Philosopher
1225-1275
Italy
synthesizes Aristotle and Christianity
God has revealed truth in the natural world as well as supernaturally
1. Eternal (governs the entire universe)
2. Divine (revealed law)
3. Natural (revealed in nature through reason)
4. Human (laws for social and historical contexts)
Beatitude - “blessedness”
Edict of Milan (AD 313)
AD 313
Christianity officially made legal
Milan (Roman Empire)
Council of Nicea (AD 325)
325 AD
defined that Jesus and God are eternal and that Jesus wasn’t created
95 Theses (AD 1517)
AD 1517
Luther’s thesis nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral on 10/31, 1517
initial objection to indulgences
eventually questions the church’s authority
spread throughout Europe via the Gutenberg Printing Press
Galileo - Who/When/Where/Significance
Italian astronomer, physicist, and polymath
1564-1642
Italy
Improved the telescope; had astronomical observations (earth and planets orbit the sun - heliocentric theory); study of motion and classical mechanics
Isaac Newton - Who/When/Where/Significance
English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer
1642-1727
England
Discoveries in mechanics, optics, and math; Laws of Motion; Laws of Universal Gravitation; Calculus
Scientific Revolution - What/When/Where/Significance
Period of transformation when traditional scientific beliefs were questioned and a new framework and understanding was put into place
Late 16th century
Europe
birth of modern science, laid groundwork for the enlightenment
Immanuel Kant - Who/When/Where/Significance
German Philosopher
1724-1804
Germany
senses bring in data, reason categorizes data; sources of immaturity - laziness, cowardice
The Enlightenment - What/When/Where/Significance
Intellectual and cultural movement
late 17th century
Europe
Secularism: God isn’t necessary to understand the world; Laws of Nature
Individualism: emphasis on human reason and freedom; privatization of religious choices
Pluralism: competing models for pursuing truth; tolerance of religious differences
Progress: Creativity, innovation, moral improvement
Rene Decartes - Who/When/Where/Significance
French philosopher and mathematician
1596-1650
France
What’s impossible doubt: a thought experiment - withhold belief from anything I don’t know to be fully true
Decartes Rationalism - reason is the source of clear and distinct knowledge
Deductive method - build a system of truth from the ground up, use this as a foundation for the belief of God & the external world
John Locke - Who/When/Where/Significance
English Philosopher
1632-1704
England
“State of Nature”; Why give up your freedom?; applied Enlightenment principles to justify the existence of governement; “Social Contract” protects life, liberty, and justice
Mary Wollstonecraft - Who/When/Where/Significance
English writer, philosopher, and advocate for Women’s rights
1759-1797
England
founder of feminism; argued that women lacked the oppurtunities in education that men have
Olaudah Equiano - Who/When/Where/Significance
African writer and abolitionist
1745-1797
Africa
wrote a narrative of life being a slave; his writing strongly influenced the Transatlantic Slave Trade; advocated for African rights
Deism - What/When/Where/Significance
a view of God’s relationship to the world. He created the world, but isn’t involved anymore
17th century
Europe
valued reason and critical thinking in religion; influenced the US; God as a watchmaker; reason and observation; rejection of revelation; moral order; skepticism of miracles
Piestism - What/When/Where/Significance
Protestant Scholasticism
late 17th century
England
a living faith is more valuable than a dead orthodoxy; focus on experiences not just beliefs; encouraged a tolerant, irenic spirit towards others; social actions and missions
John Wesley - Who/When/Where/Significance
English Theologian
1703-1791
England
Formed pietist bible study at Oxford; pastor in Georgia; Aldersgate Experience (1738); itinerant preaching ministry in all of England; saved by grace alone, but seek perfection; Wesleyan Quadrilateral - scripture is interpreted by reason, tradition, and experience
Sojourner Truth - Who/When/Where/Significance
Born into slavery, espcaped, became a methodist
1797-1883
New York
Escaped slavery in 1826; became a methodist in 1843; wrote “The Narrative of Sojourner Truth” in 1850; changed her name for religious, symbolic meaning; women’s rights activist
Frederick Douglass - Who/When/Where/Significance
Former slave who became a writer and activist
1818-1895
Maryland, USA
Wrote “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass” (1833); “What to the slave is the 4th of July” (1852); After the Civil War, he continued to work on women’s rights
Industrial Revolution - What/When/Where/Significance
new tech in manufacturing and applications of scientific knowledge
1700s/1800s
Europe and US
fuels economies; expands the gap between rich and poor; exploits workers and children
Modernism - What/When/Where/Significance
the result of the enlightenment; refers to a time period (1750s - 1950s); a statement of the superiority of this time vs the past
1750s-1950s
Europe and US
Need to change our views on: Knowledge of God, Possibility of Miracles, Presumption of History, Reliability of Scripture, Cause of Religious Belief; many diets became activists; rise of liberal theology; push back on orthodox theologians
Fundamentalism - What/When/Where/Significance
Defended the fundamentals of faith
1910-1925
Europe and US
produced “The Fundamentals” 1910-1918
Scopes Trial - What/When/Where/Significance
Trial on teacher in TN
1924
Tennessee, USA
John Scopes taught evolution; Baltimore reporter made the trial public; bad look for Fundamentalists
World War I - What/When/Where/Significance
a war between England, France, Russia, & the US vs. Germany, Austria, and Turkey
1914-1918
Europe
driving force was nationalism; 12-15 million deaths; first use of weapons of mass destruction; weakened empires in Europe; 1st Marxist Revolution (Russia, 1917); churches deemed it a just war; “holy war”
World War II - What/When/Where/Significance
world war between England, Soviet Union, and the US vs. Germany, Italy, and Japan
1933-1945
Europe
caused by unresolved WWI issues; 60-80 million deaths; >50% of deaths were citizens; nuclear weapons; accelerated decolonization in Africa and Asia
Dietrich Bonhoeffer - Who/When/Where/Significance
German Lutheran Pastor
1906-1945
Born in Poland, lived in Germany
wanted the confessing church to defend the Jews; pacifist, but joined the resistance against the Nazis; arrested and put into camp in 1943; killed in 1945 by Nazis
Copernicus
a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center
Laws of Nature
Newton’s Law of Motion
Law of Gravitation
Law of Thermodynamics
Electromagnetics Laws
Colonialism & Imperialism
Political, economic, or cultural control by a country over an area outside it’s own boundaries
Blaise Pascal
a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher.
Wrote “Pensees”
Epistemology
the study of knowledge
an old question in a new context; a question of method; rationalism - reason should be our primary source of truth; empiricism - sense experience should be our primary source of truth
Natural Rights
Rooted in rational dignity, must be protected
Glorious Revolution
England, 1688-1689
King James II overthrown by William and Mary of Orange
Reinforces Protestant dominance in England
French Revolution
1789–1799; a period of radical social, political, and cultural upheaval in France; transformed the country and the broader European political landscape; marked the end of absolute monarchy, the rise of republican ideals, and the eventual spread of revolutionary movements across Europe and beyond
Adam Smth
Scotland; 1723-1790; “Invisible Hand” advocated for removing government interference from economic activity; rational self interest will lead to prosperity
George Whitefield
English Evangelist; 1714-1770; preaching unified the colonies spiritually, helping to lay the groundwork for a shared American identity; his revivals broke down denominational barriers, influencing Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians.
Voltaire
French intellectual; 1694-1778; defender of freedom or speech and religion; a deist; advocated for the use of reason and science
American Revolution
1775–1783; a conflict in which the 13 American colonies successfully fought for independence from British rule, leading to the establishment of the USA
Transatlantic Slave Trade
forced migrations of Africans from the 16th to 19th centuries where they were transported to the Americas to become slaves
Thomas Jefferson
a deist; cut out all parts of the Bible that talked about miracles
First Great Awakening
Religious revival in England and America; 1734-1770; Jonathon Edwards & George Whitefield; valued theology, but emphasized affecting over doctrines; birth of African American christianity;
Abolition Movement
1700/1800s in Europe
use of enlightenment principles of reason, justice, and equality to fight slavery
Slavery abolished in Britain in 1833
Slavery unconstitutional in US in 1865
Civil War (1861-1865)
Emancipation Proclamation declares freedom for slaves in 1863
13th Amendment abolished in 1865
1880s - 1960s - Jim Crow Era
Seneca Falls Convention
NY, 1848
1st Women’s Rights convention
rejects doctrine of separate spheres
inspired womens rights activism
“Declaration of Sentiments”
Inerrancy
Whatever scripture affirms is true
German Christians
saw Hitler as a national messiah; rejected OT and Jewishness of Jesus; embraced anti-semetic actions
Adolf Hitler
a fascist dictator; 1889-1945; chancellor and leader of Germany (1933-1945); caused WWII; gained power with promises of revenge and anti-semitism; started the Nazi party
Suffrage Movement
a decades-long fight for women’s right to vote, which culminated in the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920
Salvation Army
William and Catherine Booth
evangelism paired with social action
manifesto: Darkest England and the Way Out (1890)
Feed, educate, train - empower
Inspiration
scripture is from God, it’s God’s message to humans
Conscientious Objector
anabaptist and christian pacifists who objected war, yet got drafted
“there’s no benefit in frigid tears”
Homer - The Iliad
“I did not think anything which you proclaimed strong enough to let a moral override the Gods or their unwritten and unchanging laws.”
“We must obey whatever man the city puts in charge, no matter what the issue–”
Sophocles - Antigone
“we are the school of Hellas”
“Strong do what they can and weak suffer what they must”
Thucydides - The History of the Peloponnesian War
“our country is more to be valued higher and holier”
Plato - Crito
“in whom one ruling principal of reason”
Plato - “The Three parts of the soul”
“parent of light and the lord of light in this visible world”
Plato - The Allegory of the Cave
“state is a creation of nature”
Aristotle - Politics
“lying in a mean- i.e. the mean is relative to us”
Aristotle - Nicomachaen Ethics
“removed marks of circumcision, and abandoned the holy covenant”
1 & 2 Maccabees
“The Christ, united with wisdom, descended into him, and thus Jesus Christ was made.”
A Gnostic Perspective on Jesus Christ
“while they live in both Greek and barbarian cities”
“what the soul is to the body, Christians are to the world”
The Letter to Diognetus
“What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem”
Tertullian - Against Heretics and Against Praxeas
“So I cannot be called anything else that what I am, a Christian”
The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas
“True God from true God”
Christian Creeds - The Nicene Creed
“I was here, I waited to see your fight;”
The Life of St Anthony
“Pick it up, read it; pick it up, read it”
Augustine - Confessions
“two cities have been formed by two loves”
City of God
“war should be waged only as a necessity”
Letter to Count Boniface
“establish a school for the Lord’s service”
Benedict - The Rule of St Benedict
“The green knight laughed and said,”
Gawain and the Green Knight
“rich and poor; freeman, slave; little child, boy, youth, young man, old man; stupid, intelligent”
Bede’s Penitental
“Heaven was opened and a fiery light of exceeding brilliance came”
“woman as large as a great city”
Hildegard of Bingen
“knowledge of the Truth, we the muslim community”
Averroes
“God made himself poor in this world for us”
Francis of Assisi
“beyond natural law and human law derived from it”
“eternal beatitude”
Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica
“you should not refuse good advice from anyone”
Erasmus - The Handbook of the Christian Knight
“molder”
Pico
“the doctrine of those who allow something t free will
Erasmus - Free Will
“not to diverge from the good if her can avoid doing so, but, if compelled, then to know how to set about it”
Machiavelli - The Prince
“A beneficent prince’
Erasmus - The Education of a Christian Prince
“faith alone makes us righteous and fulfills the law”
Martin Luther - Pauls Letter to the Romans
“two kingdoms must be sharply distinguished”
Martin Luther - Secular Authority
“if it be the will of God to hear the peasants”
Martin Luther - Swabian Peasants
“We must not defend ourselves against the turks”
The Martyrdom of Michael Sattler
Our present life, will be best regulated if we always keep our calling in mind.”
John Calvin - The Golden Booklet of Christian Life
“unto God obey your King and Queen”
Thomas Cranmer - Exhortations
“What seems to me white, I will believe black”
Ignatius Loyola - The Spiritual Exercises
“self-love and self-will”
Teresa of Avila - The Interior Castle
“The Holy bible can never speak untruth”
“Theology is the highest of sciences”
Galileo
“by help of Philosophy rather than of Theology
Rene Decartes
“submit everything to reason”
Blaise Pascal - Pensees
“it is by no means enough to have knowledge of Christian faith, for christianity consists rather of practice”
German Pietists - Jakob Spener
“Galatians 3:28, and that the grace and gift of God must not be quenched”
German Pietists - Johanna Peterson
“equality, liberty, and executive power”
John Locke
“Reason, however cultivated and improved”
John Wesley
“tho’ some of the dogmas of the persuasion”
Ben Franklin
“Sapure aude!”
Immanuel Kant
“When you make men slaves”
Olaudah Equiano
“the mutual duties of the two sexes are not, and cannot be, equally binding on both”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile
“Would men but generously snap our chains,”
Mary Wollstonecraft
“Give me a host of educated, pious mothers and sisters”
Sarah Gimke
“I hate the corrupt, slaveholding, women-whipping, cradle-plundering,”
Frederick Douglass
“no intermediary more powerful than religion (whereof the church is the interpreter)”
Pope Leo XIII - Rerum Novarum
“the Bible claimed from one end to the other to be the authoritative Word of God to man”
The Fundamentals
“two sharply differentiated and mutually antagonistic classes”
H.L. Mencken
“we reject false doctrine”
The Barmen Declaration
