CWC Unit #3 Exam Study Flashcards

Question

Charlemagne - Who/When/Where/Significance

Answer 1

Supporter of the Church and the Roman Emperor 768-814 Aachen, Germany wanted to unite Germanic tribes into a single Christian kingdom; crowned “King of the Romans” on Christmas Day in 800 AD; Established a formal relationship between the pope and the king

Answer 2

Meeting of Roman Catholic Leaders 1500s Italy Addressed the abuses of the church; reaffirmed roman doctrines; banned certain books; reaffirmed church authority and tradition

Answer 3

Queen of England 1533-1603 England The Comprimise - made England a protestant church

Answer 4

Dutch Christian Humanist 1466-1536 Netherlands "We need God's Grace"; Reconstructed the NT in Greek; key figure in reformation; wanted to fix the church from within

Answer 5

Italian Monk 1181-1226 Assisi, Italy Founded Franciscan Monasticism; dedicating life to itinerant preaching, life of poverty and service

Answer 6

Papacy returns to Rome 1378-1417 Rome Popes and Antipopes; French cardinals select competing Pope; Council of Constantine resolves the dispute in 1415

Answer 7

a printing press developed by Johannes Gutenberg 1440 Mainz, Germany mass printing of documents and books

Answer 8

Period of growth in the middle ages 1000-1300 Europe Thriving culture; growth of cities and populations; growth of universities and cathedrals

Answer 9

Abbess (leader of monastery for women), composer, scientist, and advisor to kings and popes 1098-1179 Bingen, Germany Known for her visions from God; demonstrates direct spritual experience, visible role of women in medieval life

Answer 10

A soldier 1400s-1500s Spain formed the Jesuits; the church = the bride of christ; we must follow what the church says

Answer 11

Italian movement and time period 1350-1550 Italy Humanism and individualism

Answer 12

Author 1400s-1500s Italy Sometimes christianity needs to be rejected; leaders should be feared, no hated; only appear good; gave rules on how to be a good king

Answer 13

Reformer 1400s-1500s Germany wrote the 95 thesis; Augustinian monk; translated the Bible into German; became anti-semetic; believed in political stability; convicted as a heretic

Answer 14

a prophet 570-632 Mecca Received visions from the Angel Gabriel, these visions form the Qur'an

Answer 15

Religious and political movement early 16th century Germany Claimed the Catholic Church was corrupt, was led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin

Answer 16

a Christian rite that is recognized as being particularly important and significant confirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215 crucial to a Christian’s salvation, acting as visible signs of God’s grace and marking key life events

Answer 17

Western Medieval Philosopher 1225-1275 Italy synthesizes Aristotle and Christianity God has revealed truth in the natural world as well as supernaturally 1. Eternal (governs the entire universe) 2. Divine (revealed law) 3. Natural (revealed in nature through reason) 4. Human (laws for social and historical contexts) Beatitude - “blessedness”

Answer 18

AD 313 Christianity officially made legal Milan (Roman Empire)

Answer 19

325 AD defined that Jesus and God are eternal and that Jesus wasn’t created

Answer 20

AD 1517 Luther’s thesis nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral on 10/31, 1517 initial objection to indulgences eventually questions the church’s authority spread throughout Europe via the Gutenberg Printing Press

Answer 21

Italian astronomer, physicist, and polymath 1564-1642 Italy Improved the telescope; had astronomical observations (earth and planets orbit the sun - heliocentric theory); study of motion and classical mechanics

Answer 22

English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer 1642-1727 England Discoveries in mechanics, optics, and math; Laws of Motion; Laws of Universal Gravitation; Calculus

Answer 23

Period of transformation when traditional scientific beliefs were questioned and a new framework and understanding was put into place Late 16th century Europe birth of modern science, laid groundwork for the enlightenment

Answer 24

German Philosopher 1724-1804 Germany senses bring in data, reason categorizes data; sources of immaturity - laziness, cowardice

Answer 25

Intellectual and cultural movement late 17th century Europe Secularism: God isn’t necessary to understand the world; Laws of Nature Individualism: emphasis on human reason and freedom; privatization of religious choices Pluralism: competing models for pursuing truth; tolerance of religious differences Progress: Creativity, innovation, moral improvement

Answer 26

French philosopher and mathematician 1596-1650 France What’s impossible doubt: a thought experiment - withhold belief from anything I don’t know to be fully true Decartes Rationalism - reason is the source of clear and distinct knowledge Deductive method - build a system of truth from the ground up, use this as a foundation for the belief of God & the external world

Answer 27

English Philosopher 1632-1704 England “State of Nature”; Why give up your freedom?; applied Enlightenment principles to justify the existence of governement; “Social Contract” protects life, liberty, and justice

Answer 28

English writer, philosopher, and advocate for Women’s rights 1759-1797 England founder of feminism; argued that women lacked the oppurtunities in education that men have

Answer 29

African writer and abolitionist 1745-1797 Africa wrote a narrative of life being a slave; his writing strongly influenced the Transatlantic Slave Trade; advocated for African rights

Answer 30

a view of God’s relationship to the world. He created the world, but isn’t involved anymore 17th century Europe valued reason and critical thinking in religion; influenced the US; God as a watchmaker; reason and observation; rejection of revelation; moral order; skepticism of miracles

Answer 31

Protestant Scholasticism late 17th century England a living faith is more valuable than a dead orthodoxy; focus on experiences not just beliefs; encouraged a tolerant, irenic spirit towards others; social actions and missions

Answer 32

English Theologian 1703-1791 England Formed pietist bible study at Oxford; pastor in Georgia; Aldersgate Experience (1738); itinerant preaching ministry in all of England; saved by grace alone, but seek perfection; Wesleyan Quadrilateral - scripture is interpreted by reason, tradition, and experience

Answer 33

Born into slavery, espcaped, became a methodist 1797-1883 New York Escaped slavery in 1826; became a methodist in 1843; wrote “The Narrative of Sojourner Truth” in 1850; changed her name for religious, symbolic meaning; women’s rights activist

Answer 34

Former slave who became a writer and activist 1818-1895 Maryland, USA Wrote “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass” (1833); “What to the slave is the 4th of July” (1852); After the Civil War, he continued to work on women’s rights

Answer 35

new tech in manufacturing and applications of scientific knowledge 1700s/1800s Europe and US fuels economies; expands the gap between rich and poor; exploits workers and children

Answer 36

the result of the enlightenment; refers to a time period (1750s - 1950s); a statement of the superiority of this time vs the past 1750s-1950s Europe and US Need to change our views on: Knowledge of God, Possibility of Miracles, Presumption of History, Reliability of Scripture, Cause of Religious Belief; many diets became activists; rise of liberal theology; push back on orthodox theologians

Answer 37

Defended the fundamentals of faith 1910-1925 Europe and US produced “The Fundamentals” 1910-1918

Answer 38

Trial on teacher in TN 1924 Tennessee, USA John Scopes taught evolution; Baltimore reporter made the trial public; bad look for Fundamentalists

Answer 39

a war between England, France, Russia, & the US vs. Germany, Austria, and Turkey 1914-1918 Europe driving force was nationalism; 12-15 million deaths; first use of weapons of mass destruction; weakened empires in Europe; 1st Marxist Revolution (Russia, 1917); churches deemed it a just war; “holy war”

Answer 40

world war between England, Soviet Union, and the US vs. Germany, Italy, and Japan 1933-1945 Europe caused by unresolved WWI issues; 60-80 million deaths; >50% of deaths were citizens; nuclear weapons; accelerated decolonization in Africa and Asia

Answer 41

German Lutheran Pastor 1906-1945 Born in Poland, lived in Germany wanted the confessing church to defend the Jews; pacifist, but joined the resistance against the Nazis; arrested and put into camp in 1943; killed in 1945 by Nazis

Answer 42

a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center

Answer 43

Newton’s Law of Motion Law of Gravitation Law of Thermodynamics Electromagnetics Laws

Answer 44

Political, economic, or cultural control by a country over an area outside it’s own boundaries

Answer 45

a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher. Wrote “Pensees”

Answer 46

the study of knowledge an old question in a new context; a question of method; rationalism - reason should be our primary source of truth; empiricism - sense experience should be our primary source of truth

Answer 47

Rooted in rational dignity, must be protected

Answer 48

England, 1688-1689 King James II overthrown by William and Mary of Orange Reinforces Protestant dominance in England

Answer 49

1789–1799; a period of radical social, political, and cultural upheaval in France; transformed the country and the broader European political landscape; marked the end of absolute monarchy, the rise of republican ideals, and the eventual spread of revolutionary movements across Europe and beyond

Answer 50

Scotland; 1723-1790; “Invisible Hand” advocated for removing government interference from economic activity; rational self interest will lead to prosperity

Answer 51

English Evangelist; 1714-1770; preaching unified the colonies spiritually, helping to lay the groundwork for a shared American identity; his revivals broke down denominational barriers, influencing Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians.

Answer 52

French intellectual; 1694-1778; defender of freedom or speech and religion; a deist; advocated for the use of reason and science

Answer 53

1775–1783; a conflict in which the 13 American colonies successfully fought for independence from British rule, leading to the establishment of the USA

Answer 54

forced migrations of Africans from the 16th to 19th centuries where they were transported to the Americas to become slaves

Answer 55

a deist; cut out all parts of the Bible that talked about miracles

Answer 56

Religious revival in England and America; 1734-1770; Jonathon Edwards & George Whitefield; valued theology, but emphasized affecting over doctrines; birth of African American christianity;

Answer 57

1700/1800s in Europe use of enlightenment principles of reason, justice, and equality to fight slavery Slavery abolished in Britain in 1833 Slavery unconstitutional in US in 1865 Civil War (1861-1865) Emancipation Proclamation declares freedom for slaves in 1863 13th Amendment abolished in 1865 1880s - 1960s - Jim Crow Era

Answer 58

NY, 1848 1st Women’s Rights convention rejects doctrine of separate spheres inspired womens rights activism “Declaration of Sentiments”

Answer 59

Whatever scripture affirms is true

Answer 60

saw Hitler as a national messiah; rejected OT and Jewishness of Jesus; embraced anti-semetic actions

Answer 61

a fascist dictator; 1889-1945; chancellor and leader of Germany (1933-1945); caused WWII; gained power with promises of revenge and anti-semitism; started the Nazi party

Answer 62

a decades-long fight for women’s right to vote, which culminated in the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920

Answer 63

William and Catherine Booth evangelism paired with social action manifesto: Darkest England and the Way Out (1890) Feed, educate, train - empower

Answer 64

scripture is from God, it’s God’s message to humans

Answer 65

anabaptist and christian pacifists who objected war, yet got drafted

Answer 66

Homer - The Iliad

Answer 67

Sophocles - Antigone

Answer 68

Thucydides - The History of the Peloponnesian War

Answer 69

Plato - Crito

Answer 70

Plato - "The Three parts of the soul"

Answer 71

Plato - The Allegory of the Cave

Answer 72

Aristotle - Politics

Answer 73

Aristotle - Nicomachaen Ethics

Answer 74

1 & 2 Maccabees

Answer 75

A Gnostic Perspective on Jesus Christ

Answer 76

The Letter to Diognetus

Answer 77

Tertullian - Against Heretics and Against Praxeas

Answer 78

The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas

Answer 79

Christian Creeds - The Nicene Creed

Answer 80

The Life of St Anthony

Answer 81

Augustine - Confessions

Answer 82

City of God

Answer 83

Letter to Count Boniface

Answer 84

Benedict - The Rule of St Benedict

Answer 85

Gawain and the Green Knight

Answer 86

Bede's Penitental

Answer 87

Hildegard of Bingen

Answer 88

Francis of Assisi

Answer 89

Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica

Answer 90

Erasmus - The Handbook of the Christian Knight

Answer 91

Erasmus - Free Will

Answer 92

Machiavelli - The Prince

Answer 93

Erasmus - The Education of a Christian Prince

Answer 94

Martin Luther - Pauls Letter to the Romans

Answer 95

Martin Luther - Secular Authority

Answer 96

Martin Luther - Swabian Peasants

Answer 97

The Martyrdom of Michael Sattler

Answer 98

John Calvin - The Golden Booklet of Christian Life

Answer 99

Thomas Cranmer - Exhortations

Answer 100

Ignatius Loyola - The Spiritual Exercises

Answer 101

Teresa of Avila - The Interior Castle

Answer 102

Rene Decartes

Answer 103

Blaise Pascal - Pensees

Answer 104

German Pietists - Jakob Spener

Answer 105

German Pietists - Johanna Peterson

Answer 106

John Locke

Answer 107

John Wesley

Answer 108

Ben Franklin

Answer 109

Immanuel Kant

Answer 110

Olaudah Equiano

Answer 111

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile

Answer 112

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 113

Sarah Gimke

Answer 114

Frederick Douglass

Answer 115

Pope Leo XIII - Rerum Novarum

Answer 116

The Fundamentals

Answer 117

H.L. Mencken

Answer 118

The Barmen Declaration